1.1 vocab: structure of water and hydrogen bonding

Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding

matter

anything that takes up space and has mass

atomic mass

number of protons plus neutrons averaged over all isotopes

covalent bonds

when two or more atoms share electrons (usually between two nonmetals)

adhesion

the attraction to other molecules that are polar or have charge (H2O to other molecules)

solution

homogenous mix of two or more substances

element

a substance that CANNOT be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions

octet rule

elements will gain, lose, or share electrons to complete their valence shell and become stable (like noble gases)

nonpolar covalent bonds

electrons are shared equally between two atoms

EX: O2

cohesion

attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind (H2O to H2O)

capillary action

the upward movement of water due to the forces of cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension

electronegativity

the measure of an atom’s ability to attract electrons to itself

chemical bonds

an attraction between two atoms, resulting from the sharing or transferring of valence electrons

polar covalent bonds

bond where electrons are NOT shared equally between two atoms

pH

measure of how acidic or basic (alkaline) a solution is

acid

substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water

base

a substance that accepts H+ OR releases hydroxide ions (OH-)

atomic number

number of protons

compound

a substance consisting of 2 or more different elements combined in a fix ratio

EX: H2O or NaCl

ionic bonds

attraction between oppositely charged atoms (ions); usually between a metal and nonmetal

solvent

dissolving agent in a solution

buffer

solution that changes in pH when an acid or base is added