human demography

Agricultural Revolution

During this time, in 10,000 B.C., there were only 5-10 million people on Earth

Industrial Revolution

During this era in 1800, there were approximately 1 billion people on Earth

Demography

Applies the principles of population ecology to the human population

Demographers

They study how human populations grow, shrink, and change in terms of age and gender compositions

Demographers

They compare populations in different countries or regions

Age Structure Diagram

Shows the distribution by ages of females and males within a certain population in graphic form.

The population of each group is represented as a bar extending from a central vertical line. The length of each bar is dependent upon the total population for that particular group.

Centerline

This part of an age structure diagram separates the men from the women. Women are in the right and men are on the left of this.

Age Structure Diagram

Provides a snapshot of the current population and can represent information about the past and give potential clues about future problems

Pre-reproductive and post-reproductive

What young people and older people are referred to in an age structure diagram, respectively.

Demographic Transition Model

Shows the changes in patterns of birth rates and death rates that typically occur as a country moves through the process of industrialization or development

Demographic Transition Model

Was built based on patterns observed in European countries. This model can be applied to non-European countries, but not all of them fit the model exactly.

Demographic Transition Model

Shows how birth rates and death rates change over time as a country becomes more developed. 

Typically divided into four stages.

Death Rates, Birth Rates

What the green line and the dashed red line represents in the Demographic Transition Model, respectively

4

How many stages are there in the Demographic Transition Model

Stage 1 (preindustrial stage)

Stage in Demographic Transition Model wherein both birth rates and death rates are high. High death rates because of disease and potential food scarcity. But also has high birth rates as families have many children.

Stage 1 (preindustrial stage)

Stage in Demographic Transition Model where the population growth rate is low or close to zero.

Stage 2

Stage in Demographic Transition Model where death rates start falling due to improvements in healthcare and food production.

People live longer and childhood mortality drops. But, birth rates are still high. There is a time lag between the improving conditions and subsequent changes in family size.

Stage 2

Stage in Demographic Transition Model where birth rate is higher than the death rate so the population growth rate is high. Population size increases greatly.

Stage 3

Stage in Demographic Transition Model wherein birth rate starts falling.’

This happens because as the country continues to industrialize, many women join the workforce. Raising children becomes more expensive and children no longer make large economic contributions to the family. 

Death rates also continue to drop. Birth rate is still higher than death rates. Population growth rate is high and population size continues to increase

Stage 4

Stage in Demographic Transition Model where birth rate and death rates drop to low, stable, approximately equal levels.

Death rates low - medical advances, great sanitation, and food security

Birth rates low - access to contraceptives and many women work.

Stage 4

Stage in Demographic Transition Model where childhood mortality is low, life expectancy is high, and family size is approx. two children per couple.

Population growth rate is approx. zero.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years that a person in a particular population is expected to live. As a country moves through the demographic transition, this increases.

Fertility

Actual level of reproduction of a population per individual based on the number of live births that occur

Total Fertility

Average number of children born to each woman, over the woman’s lifespan, in a population.