Y10 Chem: Energy Consumption and Fuel

Energy

Capacity to do work or produce heat. It can be transferred between bodies and transformed between types but never created or destroyed

Energy Consumption

Energy consumption refers to ALL the energy used to perform an action and this energy can come from different sources

Explain how energy is used in everyday life

• Produce goods and services

• Infrastructure

• Lighting, heating

• Transformation

Direct energy use

Direct energy use is the energy consumed in forms that people actively use

Give an example of direct energy use

Electricity powers lightbulbs

Indirect energy use

Indirect energy use refers to the energy use behind the scenes to support daily life

Give an example of indirect energy use

Manufacturing and transporting garments require electricity and fuel

What is the difference between direct energy use and indirect energy use

The difference between direct energy use and indirect energy use is that indirect energy is consumed in the production process whereas direct energy directly powers the task at hand

How is indirect consumption of energy associated with production of consumer goods

Factories consume electricity and fuel for machinery, package and logistics

How is indirect consumption of energy associated with building homes and infrastructure

Mining raw materials, manufacturing bricks, glass, and concrete and transporting all of them consumes energy

How is indirect consumption of energy associated with energy for transporting goof

Trucks, ships and planes burn fossil duels

How is indirect consumption of energy associated with production of growing food

Tractors, irrigation systems, fertilisers and refrigeration systems all require energy

Fossil Fuels

Fossil duels are mixtures of hydrocarbons that form from remains of plants and animals (diatoms) that lived millions of years ago. They only compose of hydrogens and carbons.

Examples of fossil fuels

Crude oil, coal, natural gas

Name common Greenhouse gases

H2O - Water Vapour

CO2 - Carbon Dioxide

CH4 - Methane

N2O - Dinitrogen Monoxide/Nitrous oxide

O3 - Ozone

CFCs - Chlorofluorocarbons

HFCs - Hydrofluorocarbons

Crude Oil

Mixture of hundreds of different compounds. It is used to make fuels for transport, heating and generating electricity

What are most of the hydrocarbons in crude oil called?

Alkanes

How do you extract crude oil?

It is found trapped in rocks of the sea bed. Oil rigs or drilling platforms are used to drill through the sea bed to obtain the oil. Once the oil has been removed from the sea bed, it is pumped in long pipelines to an oil tanker terminal or an oil refinery on land

How is crude oil made? *

It was made from the remains of marine plants and animals that died millions of years ago. The remains sank to the bottom of the sea where they were buried in layers of sand and mud, which prevented them from rotting. These layers gradually became sedimentary rocks

Problems with Crude Oil

• Burning the products of crude oil as fuel produces gases and prickles that contribute to climate change and air pollution

• Removing oil from the ground, as well as oil spillages and slicks, can be very damaging to wildlife and the environment

• The high value of oil means it is sometimes the cause of military conflict, especially because a large amount of oil comes from countries that are politically unstable.

Explain what happens to the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere with the burning of fossil fuels

When the fossil fuels are burned during combustion, carbon atoms in the fuel react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide:

• CH4 + 2 O2 —> CO2 + 2 H2O

This process increases the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere as the carbon stored underground for millions of years is suddenly released into the air.

What happens when lots of fossil fuels are burned

The more fossil fuels are burned, the more CO2 accumulates, which disrupts the natural carbon cycle

State the steps of the Greenhouse Effect

1. Earth’s surface absorbs visible light from the sun

2. Earth’s surface increases in temperature

3. Earth’s surface emits infrared radiation

4. Most infrared radiation passes through the atmosphere

5. Some infrared radiation is absorbed by molecules of greenhouse gases

6. Molecules of greenhouse gases increase in vibrational energy

7. Increased vibration causes more collisions

8. Kinetic energy of gases increases the atmosphere it resides

9. Temperature of atmosphere increases

Describe some effects of greenhouse gases (local and global)

• Mean global temperatures will have increased by 1.4 to 5.8C

• Sea levels will rise by 0.09m to 0.88m

• There will be more precipitation (rain, snow, hail etc) in some areas and less than others

• There will be more hot days and fewer cold days