APUSH Period 4

Revolution of 1800

Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over the Federalists, who lost their congressional majority and the presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system.

Marbury v. Madison

Supreme Court case that established the principle of "judicial review" - the idea that the Supreme Court had the final authority to determine constitutionality

Impressment

Act of forcibly drafting an individual into military service, employed by the British navy against American seamen in times of war against France, 1793-1815. It was a continual source of conflict between Britain and the United States in the early national period.

Embargo Act of 1807

Enacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, the act banned the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign port. The embargo places great strains on the American economy, while only marginally affecting its European targets, and was therefore repealed in 1809.

War Hawks

Democratic-Republican congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from South and West, they resented British constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier. Some even had their sights on American expansion into Canada.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Resulted in the death of Shawnee chief Tenskwatawa, "the Prophet", at the hands of William Henry Harrison, in the Indiana wilderness. After the battle, the Prophet's brother, Tecumseh, forged an alliance with the British against the United States in the War of 1812

Tecumseh

Accomplished Shawnee warrior, he sought to establish a confederacy of Indian tribes east of the Mississippi. He opposed individual tribes selling land to the United States, arguing that the land belonged to all the native peoples. After, 1811, he allied with the British, fighting fiercely against the United States until his death in 1813.

John Marshall

Chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 until his death in 1835, he strengthened the role of the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review. During his tenure, the Court also expanded the powers of the federal government through a series of decisions that established federal supremacy over the states.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Haitian revolutionary who led a successful slave uprising against French forces and helped establish an independent Haiti in 1797. This loss ended Napoleon's attempts to create a French empire in the Western Hemisphere and arguably caused France to decide to sell its North American holdings to the United States (Louisiana Purchase)

War of 1812

Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issuers of trade, impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers.

Hartford Convention

Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of southern and western interests in congress and in the White House. One of many contributing factors that led to Federalist Party demise.

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.

American System

Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff and a federally funded transportation network.

Era of Good Feelings (1815-1825)

Popular name for the period of one-part, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. There term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery and the national bank.

Panic of 1819

Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the Bank of the United States to curb over speculation on western lands. It disproportionately affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sowing the seeds of Jacksonian democracy.

Peculiar Institution

Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the nineteenth century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched.

Missouri Compromise

Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36*30\`.

Monroe Doctrine

Statement delivered by President James Monroe warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets.

Tariff of Abominations (1832)

Noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports. Southerners vehemently opposed the tariff, arguing that it hurt southern farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs but were forced to pay higher prices for manufacturers.

Nullification Crisis

Showdown between President Andre Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the Tariff of Abominations of 1832 null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833

Indian Removal Act

Ordered the removal of Indian tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces (Trail of Tears), often after prolonged legal or military battles.

Black Hawk War

Series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between Ameican forces and Indian chief Black Hawk of the Sauk and Fox tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act.

Bank War

Battle between President Andrew Jackson and congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal in 1832. Jackson vetoed the bank bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers.

Panic of 1837

Economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson's efforts to curb over speculation on western lands and transportation improvements. In response, President Martin Van Buren proposed the "Divorce Bill", which pulled treasury funds out of the banking system altogether, contracting the credit supply.

Market Revolution/Market Economy

the economic transformation that swept over the U.S. in the first half of the 19th century; put an emphasis on selling products on a bigger, national scale and expanded trade; includes development of technology (textiles, cotton gin), transportation (steamboats, roads, canals), baking/credit, and regional specialization.

Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney's invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton. The engine made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalizing the southern economy and increasing the importance of slavery in the South.

Factory Girls

Young women employed in the growing textile factories of the early nineteenth century, they labored long hours in difficult conditions, living in socially new conditions away from farms and families.

Cult of Domesticity

Pervasive nineteenth-century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere. It was seen as an evolution of Republican Motherhood.

Transportation Revolution

Term referring to a series of nineteenth century transportation innovations \-- turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and railroads \-- that linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy.

Slave Rebellions

Gabriel Prosser (1800), Denmark Vesey (1822), & Nat Turner (1831); all struck fear into the hearts of slave-owners and led to new, more restrictive laws against blacks

American Colonization Society

Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves.

The Liberator

Antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves. Paper promoted the American Anti-Slavery Society, which had more than 250,000 members in 1,300 chapters across the nation.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion. Brought about a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members. Encourages reform movements of the Antebellum Era and can trace origins back to the burned-over district of New York, which was particularly swept up in religious fervor.

Antebellum Reform Movements

1810-1850; Reacting to the rapid social changes of the Market Revolution, Americans began to reform individuals and institutions to better conform to their notions of human perfectibility and democratic equality. Included efforts in abolitionist movement, temperance, women's rights, education, treatment for mentally Ill

Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls (1848)

This convention held in New York declared that "all men and women are created equal" in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence. One resolution at this convention demanded the ballot for females. This meeting in New York launched the modern women's rights movement.

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

First Wave of Immigration

Major immigration to America from Europe from 1820-1860 came from Catholic Irish (who were forced out due to the Potato Famine) and Germans (who were pulled here due to availability of land). Irish generally stayed on the East Coast, and worked in low paying, menial factories, where they were treated awfully. Germans tended to head West because they had more money and were looking to start a new life. Germans were mostly just men while the Irish came in families. Led to a rise in Nativism.