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Phenols

Which disinfectant group consists of coal-tar derivatives that turn milky in water and retain activity in the presence of organic material?

Bacterial spores

Phenol disinfectants are effective against bacteria, fungi, and many viruses, but are not effective against what type of microorganism?

Phenols

Which disinfectant retains more activity in the presence of organic material than iodine or chlorine disinfectants?

Iodophors

Which disinfectant is a combination of elemental iodine with a compound that makes iodine soluble in water?

Organic material

Iodophors are effective against bacteria, fungi, and many viruses, but do not work well in the presence of what?

Iodophors

Which disinfectant is considered the least toxic among common disinfectants?

Hypochlorite

Which disinfectant works well on clean surfaces but is quickly inactivated by dirt?

Hypochlorite

Halamid®, Dettol®, and Zonrox® are examples of which disinfectant group?

Quaternary ammonium

Which disinfectants are odorless, colorless, non-irritating, deodorizing, and have detergent action?

Formaldehyde gas

Which disinfectant gas is the most commonly used fumigant in poultry facilities and can penetrate small cracks and crevices?

Formaldehyde

In poultry fumigation, formalin crystals mixed with chromic acid release what disinfectant gas into the air?

Oxidizing agents

Which disinfectant group includes hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, and propionic acid, commonly used in commercial poultry operations?

Low concentrations

Oxidizing agents used in poultry disinfection are effective against bacteria, bacterial spores, viruses, and fungi at what type of concentration?

Gram-positive bacteria

Which bacteria are more sensitive to disinfectants: Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria?

Gram-negative bacteria

Which bacteria are less sensitive to disinfectants because their cell wall is rich in lipids?

Lipid-rich cell wall

Why are Gram-negative bacteria more resistant to disinfectants than Gram-positive bacteria?

Bacterial spores

What bacterial structure is highly resistant to disinfectants due to an impermeable wall and high dipicolinic acid content?

Formaldehyde and peroxides

Which disinfectants are effective against bacterial spores?

Lipophilic (enveloped) viruses

Which viruses are more sensitive to disinfectants:

Hydrophilic (non-enveloped) viruses

Which viruses are more resistant to most disinfectants?

Formaldehyde

Which disinfectant requires long exposure time to become virucidal?

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC

In disinfectant effects on fungi, which disinfectant group is fungistatic rather than fungicidal?

Halogens, Aldehydes

In disinfectant effects on fungi, which disinfectant group is also fungicidal against molds and yeasts?

Aldehydes

In disinfectant activity against viruses, quaternary ammonium compounds alone are not virucidal and must be combined with which disinfectant group?

Acute toxicity

In disinfectant safety, what type of toxicity occurs rapidly and may cause dizziness, nausea, and itchy eyes or skin?

Chronic toxicity

In disinfectant safety, what type of toxicity develops slowly over many years and may cause permanent disability due to sensitivity?

Disinfection

In poultry biosecurity, what is the process of killing or reducing pathogenic microorganisms on surfaces using chemical agents?

Phenol-based disinfectants

In the first disinfection of poultry houses, what type of disinfectant is commonly used

When all surfaces are already dry

In poultry house sanitation, when should first disinfection begin after cleaning?

3 days after the first disinfection

In poultry disinfection, when should the second disinfection be performed after the first disinfection?

Aldehyde-based disinfectants

Which disinfectant types are commonly used for second disinfection in poultry farms?

3 hours prior to expected chick arrival

When must the third disinfection be performed relative to chick arrival?

Peroxygen-based disinfectants

Which type of disinfectants is commonly used for aerial spraying in the third disinfection?

α-herpesvirus

The etiological agent of Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) in chickens is __________.

10–60

In ILT, egg production decreases by __________% for 3–5 weeks.

10–15%

What is the typical mortality rate of ILT in chickens?

Layers

Which type of chicken is especially susceptible to ILT?

1.5–2

Vaccination for ILT is done with __________ doses per bird, often administered with 1% skimmed milk in fresh water.

5–8; 3–4, 16–18

Layers and breeders are vaccinated for ILT at __________ weeks (single or twice) or at __________ and __________ weeks.

Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)

A chicken shows gasping, coughing of mucus and blood, nasal and ocular discharges, sinusitis, decreased egg production (10–60%), and 10–15% mortality. What disease is this?

Avian Pneumovirus (APV)

The etiological agent of Swollen Head Syndrome (SHS) and Turkey Rhinotracheitis (TRT) is __________, which belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Metapneumovirus.

Swollen Head Syndrome (SHS) / Turkey Rhinotracheitis (TRT)

A flock shows sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge, swollen infraorbital sinuses, conjunctivitis, head shaking, decreased egg production up to 70%, and opisthotonus/torticollis. What disease is this?

Escherichia coli

The etiological agent of Colibacillosis in poultry is __________, a bacterium in the family Enterobacteriaceae.

Secondary

Colibacillosis is the most common __________ bacterial infection in poultry.

Large intestine

E. coli is normally a commensal in the __________ but 15% of strains are pathogenic.

Colibacillosis

A poultry flock shows omphalitis, salpingoperitonitis, cellulitis, airsacculitis, osteomyelitis, pericarditis, and coligranuloma.

Avibacterium paragallinarum

The etiological agent of Infectious Coryza in chickens is __________, with serotypes A, B, and C.

1–3

The incubation period (IP) of Infectious Coryza is __________ days.

Infectious Coryza

A flock shows swollen face and wattles (sinusitis), purulent ocular and nasal discharges, sneezing, dyspnea, decreased egg production (20–70%), and mortality of 20–30%. What disease is this?

Pasteurella multocida

The etiological agent of Fowl Cholera in poultry is __________, with serotypes A and D.

5–6

The incubation period (IP) for Fowl Cholera is __________ days.

Fowl Cholera

A flock shows ruffled feathers, inappetence, diarrhea, swollen and cyanotic wattle and face, sinusitis, swollen joints, lameness, coughing with ocular and nasal discharges. What disease is this?

Mycoplasma gallisepticum

The etiological agent of Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in chickens is __________.

6–10

The incubation period (IP) of CRD is __________ days.

From parent to chicks

How is CRD transmitted to chicks?

Mycoplasma synoviae

The etiological agent of Mycoplasma synoviae infection in poultry is __________.

6–7

The incubation period of Mycoplasma synoviae is __________ days.

Mycoplasma synoviae (MS)

A flock shows pale combs, swelling of hock and foot pad joints causing lameness, breast blisters, and respiratory signs. Morbidity is 2–50% and mortality 1–10%. What disease is this?

Adenovirus BC14, 127(1976)

Egg Drop Syndrome (EDS-76) in poultry is caused by __________.

Egg Drop Syndrome (EDS-76)

A layer flock shows a sudden drop in egg production (5–10%) for 3–4 weeks, producing rough, thin-shelled, or shell-less eggs, with loss of shell pigment and poor internal quality. What disease is this?

Prolapse of the oviduct

A laying hen shows protrusion of the oviduct, often associated with early sexual maturity and a history of IB or EDS. What condition is this?

Mites, ticks, lice, and fleas

Which external parasites commonly infest poultry?

External parasite

A flock shows skin irritation, damaged plumage, poor body condition, pale combs and wattles, and increased biting behavior. What is the cause?

The etiological agent of Avian Malaria in poultry is __________.

Plasmodium

Plasmodium gallinaceum

Which Plasmodium species infect chickens in Asia and Africa and can cause up to 80–90% mortality in commercial birds?

Plasmodium juxtanucleare

Which Plasmodium species infects chickens and turkeys in Asia, Africa, and South America, usually causing mild or asymptomatic infections?

Leucocytozoon

Another hemosporidian parasite infecting domestic and wild birds is __________, specifically Leucocytozoon caulleryi, belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa.

Blackflies (Simuliidae); biting midges (Culicoides)

Leucocytozoon parasites have a two-host life cycle involving birds and __________ or __________ as insect vectors.

Blood-sucking insects

Avian Malaria parasites have a two-host life cycle, involving birds and __________ (mosquito vectors).

Schizogony (tissue phase) and gametogony (blood phase)

In Leucocytozoon infection, which stages occur in the vertebrate host (bird)?

Sporogony

In Leucocytozoon infection, which stage occurs in the insect vector?

Avian Malaria

A flock of chickens shows infections by Plasmodium gallinaceum, causing high mortality (up to 80–90%) in commercial birds, with a life cycle involving mosquitoes. What disease is this?

Leucocytozoon infection

Domestic chickens are infected by a hemosporidian parasite with a two-host life cycle involving birds and blackflies or biting midges, undergoing schizogony in tissues and gametogony in blood. What disease is this?

Plasmodium spp.; Leucocytozoon spp.

Avian Malaria in poultry is caused by the parasites __________ and __________.

Avian Malaria

A flock shows weakness, dyspnea, anemia, abdominal distention, ocular hemorrhage, biliverdinuria, greenish diarrhea, and death. The infection is caused by Plasmodium spp. or Leucocytozoon spp.. What disease is this?

Poxviridae

Fowl Pox is caused by a DNA virus belonging to the family __________.

Fowl Pox

A flock shows cutaneous lesions, reduced production, and some birds die. Transmission is mainly mechanical from the environment and sometimes via insects. What disease is this?

Wing-web

Fowl Pox is commonly controlled by __________ vaccination at 40 days of age

Herpesvirus

Marek’s Disease is caused by a __________.

Marek’s Disease

A flock shows paralysis of legs, wings, and neck, vision impairment, rough skin around feather follicles, and tumors in visceral organs. Pathological lesions include atrophy of the Bursa of Fabricius and enlargement of the spleen. What disease is this?

Picornavirus

Avian Encephalomyelitis (also known as Epidemic Tremor) in poultry is caused by a __________.

Avian Encephalomyelitis (AEV)

A flock shows paralysis, tremors of the head, neck, and wings, imbalance, and sitting on hocks. What disease is this?

Influenza A virus

What virus causes Avian Influenza?

Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI)

What type of Avian Influenza causes mild disease in birds?

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI)

What type of Avian Influenza causes severe systemic disease in poultry?

H5 and H7

Which Avian Influenza subtypes are most commonly associated with highly pathogenic strains?

Waterfowl and shorebirds

What animals are the natural reservoirs of Influenza A viruses in nature?

Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI)

What type of Avian Influenza is usually carried by wild waterfowl?

Hemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N)

Waterfowl and shorebirds carry all known __________ and __________ antigens of Influenza A.

Avian orthoavulavirus 1 (APMV-1)

What virus causes Newcastle Disease in birds?

F-gene

What viral gene is commonly used to determine Newcastle Disease virus genotype?

Velogenic

What is the most virulent classification of Newcastle Disease virus?

Velogenic viscerotropic

Which Newcastle Disease type causes severe intestinal disease and is considered “exotic” in the USA?

Velogenic neurotropic

Which Newcastle Disease type causes acute fatal infection with severe nervous signs?

Mesogenic

Which Newcastle Disease type causes high mortality and nervous signs mainly in adult birds?

Lentogenic

Which Newcastle Disease type causes mild disease in birds of any age?

Asymptomatic enteric

Which Newcastle Disease type causes infection without obvious clinical signs but affects the intestine?

4 to 6

Newcastle Disease incubation period is about ___ to ___ days.

Newcastle Disease

Sudden death, fever, dyspnea, blepharitis, twisted head and neck (“stargazing”), torticollis, and opisthotonus in chickens indicate what disease?

Infectious Bronchitis

Poultry disease causing coughing, sneezing, rales in chicks, discharge from eyes and nostrils, and a drop in egg production (60–90%).