Ch. 16: Endocrine System

In type 2 diabetes mellitus,

Select one:

a. Glucose transporters inserted into the cell membrane no longer work

b. Insulin receptor signaling is deficient

c. Insulin structure is disrupted, which disrupts function

b. Insulin receptor signaling is deficient

If there is a mutation in the TSH receptor such that the receptor is always active,

Select one:

a. Thyroid hormone levels would be low

b. Thyroid hormone levels would be high

b. Thyroid hormone levels would be high

In order for a hormone to cause an effect, a target cell must

Select one:

a. Have receptors for the hormone

b. Be classified as a neuron

c. Release the same hormone

d. Be classified as an endocrine cell

a. Have receptors for the hormone

Cortisol is secreted from the

Select one:

a. Posterior pituitary

b. Anterior pituitary

c. Hypothalamus

d. Adrenal medulla

e. Pancreas

f. Adrenal cortex

f. Adrenal cortex

If there is a mutation in the TSH receptor such that the receptor is always active,

Select one:

a. TRH levels would be low

b. TRH levels would be high

a. TRH levels would be low

Parathyroid hormone

Select one:

a. Increases body temperature

b. Increases blood glucose

c. Decreases blood calcium

d. Increases blood calcium

e. Decreases blood glucose

d. Increases blood calcium

Imagine a disease in which blood osmolarity is constantly too high and urine is dilute. Treating with ADH (antidiuretic hormone) corrects the condition. You would suspect a disruption at the level of the

Select one:

a. Anterior pituitary gland

b. Posterior pituitary gland

c. Kidney

b. Posterior pituitary gland

A chemical message released from the posterior pituitary gland will affect

Select one:

a. Cells in distant parts of the body

b. One cell

c. A few cells very close to the axon terminus (within a few millimeters)

a. Cells in distant parts of the body

Which of the following is a true statement about diabetes mellitus?

Select one:

a. Type 1 diabetes mellitus can be treated with lifestyle because all components of the feedback loop are present and will work well if we eat a healthy diet and exercise.

b. Type 2 diabetes mellitus can be treated with lifestyle because all components of the feedback loop are present and will work well if we eat a healthy diet and exercise.

b. Type 2 diabetes mellitus can be treated with lifestyle because all components of the feedback loop are present and will work well if we eat a healthy diet and exercise

Many choice: Which of the following may stimulate release of hormones?

Select one or more:

a. Organic molecules in plasma

b. Ions in plasma

c. Proteins

a. Organic molecules in plasma

b. Ions in plasma

c. Proteins

If a person had a mutation in the growth hormone receptor so that it was always on,

Select one:

a. The person would be large

b. We don't know. The person would be of normal stature

c. The person would be small

a. The person would be large

Which of the following would you see in a patient with diabetes insipidus?

Select one:

a. Elevated urine production with dilute urine

b. Elevated urine production with glucose in the urine

c. Low urine production with dilute urine

d. Low urine production with glucose in the urine

e. Urine with a temperature of greater than 98.6 F

a. Elevated urine production with dilute urine

In Graves' disease,

Select one:

a. TSH levels are low

b. TSH levels are high

a. TSH levels are low

Compared with neurotransmitters released in the brain, effects of a hormone

Select one:

a. Last longer

b. Do not last as long

a. Last longer

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the

Select one:

a. Hypothalamus

b. Adrenal medulla

c. Adrenal cortex

d. Anterior pituitary gland

e. Thyroid gland

a. Hypothalamus

Many choice: Which of the following hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland?

Select one or more:

a. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

b. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

c. Antidiuretic hormone

a. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

b. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Injecting insulin into a type 2 diabetic would have a _______________ than injecting insulin into a type I diabetic

Select one:

a. Lesser effect

b. Greater effect

a. Lesser effect

The sensor and control center for ADH is located in the

Select one:

a. Hypothalamus

b. Anterior pituitary

c. Thyroid gland

d. Kidney

e. Pancreas

a. Hypothalamus

If a person had a mutation in the growth hormone receptor so that it could not be turned on,

Select one:

a. Growth hormone would be high

b. Growth hormone would be low

a. Growth hormone would be low

Leptin is a hormone released from fat cells when energy storage is high. Assume leptin works in a simple endocrine loop and has an effect on appetite. One center involved in regulating appetite is in the hypothalamus. Where is the sensor in this simple endocrine loop?

Select one:

a. Fat cells

b. The hypothalamus

c. Muscle Cells

a. Fat cells

In the feedback loop that maintains blood calcium levels when they drop, the sensor is the

Select one:

a. Anterior pituitary

b. Osteoclasts

c. Posterior pituitary

d. Thyroid gland

e. Parathyroid gland

e. Parathyroid gland

Imagine a disease in which blood osmolarity is constantly too high and urine is dilute. Treating with antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to the bloodstream does not treat the disorder. You would suspect a disruption at the level of the

Select one:

a. Anterior pituitary gland

b. Kidney

c. Posterior pituitary gland

d. Hypothalamus

b. Kidney

Compared with patients experiencing diabetes mellitus, the urine of patients with diabetes insipidus is

Select one:

a. Dilute

b. Not different in concentration

c. Concentrated

a. Dillute

Patients who successfully manage type 1 diabetes mellitus use a sensor that is

Select one:

a. In the pancreas

b. In the liver

c. Outside the body

d. In fat

e. In skeletal muscle

c. Outside the body

Many choice: When bound to hormone, endocrine receptors may be located in which of the following areas?

Select one or more:

a. The nucleus

b. The cytoplasm

c. The cell membrane

a. The nucleus

b. The cytoplasm

c. The cell membrane

If there is a mutation in the TSH receptor such that the receptor is always active,

Select one:

a. The patient would be hotter than normal and gain weight

b. The person would be hotter than normal and lose weight

c. The person would be colder than normal and gain weight

d. The person would be colder than normal and lose weight

b. The person would be hotter than normal and lose weight

In the feedback loop that maintains blood calcium levels when they drop, effectors include the

Select one:

a. Parathyroid gland

b. Posterior pituitary

c. Thyroid gland

d. Anterior pituitary

e. Osteoclasts

e. Osteoclasts

Where is the TRH receptor located?

Select one:

a. On neurons in the hypothalamus

b. On cells in the posterior pituitary gland

c. On cells in the thyroid gland

d. On cells all over the body

e. On cells in the anterior pituitary gland

e. On cells in the anterior pituitary gland

The ACTH receptor is located in the

Select one:

a. Hypothalamus

b. Anterior pituitary

c. Adrenal medulla

d. Posterior pituitary

e. Adrenal cortex

f. Pancreas

e. Adrenal cortex

A primary effect of glucagon is to

Select one:

a. Stimulate glycogen storage

b. Elevate blood sugar

c. Elevate metabolism

d. Lower Metabolism

e. Lower blood sugar

b. Elevate blood sugar

Imaginary hormone receptor: Imagine a human had a mutated hormone receptor that was located in the adrenal cortex but was turned on by binding to Insulin. When the receptor is turned on, it causes release of hormones that regulate stress. All other components of the endocrine system respond normally. This person would have

Select one:

a. High blood sugar

b. Low blood sugar

a. High blood sugar

In Hashimoto's thyroiditis, TSH levels are normally

Select one:

a. High

b. Low

a. High

Imagine a physician encounters a disease in which the thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor (TRH receptor) is mutated. The receptor is stuck in the "on" position. In this disease, you would expect

Select one:

a. High TRH levels, but low TSH and thyroid hormone

b. High TRH and TSH, but low thyroid homone

c. High TRH, TSH, and thyroid hormone levels

d. Low TRH, but high TSH and Thyroid hormone levels

e. Low TRH and TSH levels, but high thyroid hormone levels

d. Low TRH, but high TSH and Thyroid hormone levels

Many choice: Defects in which of the following cause type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Select one or more:

a. The sensor

b. The control center

c. The effector

c. The effector

Many choice: Which of the following types of chemicals could work as a hormone?

Select one or more:

a. Lipids

b. Proteins

c. Modified amino acids

a. Lipids

b. Proteins

c. Modified amino acids

Many choice: A hormone might have which of the following effects?

Select one or more:

a. Open ion channels

b. Alter gene transcription

c. Activate cell signaling pathways

a. Open ion channels

b. Alter gene transcription

c. Activate cell signaling pathways

If a hormone receptor is mutated so that it always "on," then adding more hormone will

Select one:

a. Decrease activity in the target cell

b. Not change activity in the target cell

c. Increase activity in the target cell

b. Not change activity in the target cell

For complex endocrine loops to work, blood vessels in the hypothalamus must be

Select one:

a. Tighter than other blood vessels in the brain

b. Leakier than blood vessels elsewhere in the brain

c. Blood vessel permeability need not change in the hypothalamus

b. Leakier than blood vessels elsewhere in the brain

If the problem that causes Addison's disease is in the adrenal glands,

Select one or more:

a. ACTH would be high

b. ACTH would be low

c. CRH would be high

d. CRH would be low

a. ACTH would be high

c. CRH would be high

A new hormone is discovered and its receptor is found to be intracellular. The hormone diffuses through the cell's plasma membrane when no transport proteins are present. When bound to hormone, the receptor travels to the nucleus to alter gene transcription. The hormone is most likely a

Select one:

a. Small peptide

b. It's impossible to guess

c. Large peptide

d. Steroid

e. Polar amino acid

d. Steroid

TRH must travel through the heart prior to exerting its effects

Select one:

a. True

b. False

b. False

Many choice: In order for ADH to be released, there must be osmoreceptors (sense changes in osmolarity) in the

Select one or more:

a. Kidney

b. Hypothalamus

c. Posterior pituitary gland

b. Hypothalamus

Many choice: In type 1 diabetes mellitus, the negative feedback loop controlling blood glucose is disrupted. Which of the following components are attacked by the immune system?

Select one or more:

a. The effector

b. The control center

c. The sensor

b. The control center

c. The sensor

Many choice: Negative feedback loops directly

Select one or more:

a. Amplify a deviation from homeostasis

b. Counter a deviation from homeostasis

c. Restore homeostasis

b. Counter a deviation from homeostasis

c. Restore homeostasis

Hypothetical situation: If a patient had a tumor that secreted thyroid hormone, you would expect

Select one:

a. TRH and TSH to be low

b. TRH to be high, but TSH low

c. TRH to be low, but TSH high

d. TRH and TSH to be high

a. TRH and TSH to be low

Feedback loops involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and target organs are

Select one:

a. Humoral

b. Complex

c. Simple

b. Complex

Antidiuretic hormone

Select one:

a. Decreases blood osmolarity

b. Increases blood osmolarity

c. Increases blood sugar

d. Decreases blood sugar

a. Decreases blood osmolarity

Cancer cells continue to grow and divide when it is inappropriate. If you were told that mutated growth hormone receptors play a role in cancer growth, you would expect the altered shape of the receptor to most closely resemble

Select one:

a. The receptor when not bound to growth hormone

b. The receptor when bound to growth hormone

b. The receptor when bound to growth hormone

ADH receptors are located in the

Select one:

a. Red bone marrow

b. Kidney

c. Skeletal muscle tissue

d. Yellow bone marrow

e. Lymph nodes

b. Kidney

Many Choice: Cortisol

Select one or more:

a. Elevates/maintains blood glucose

b. Causes fat storage

c. Stimulates breakdown of protein for energy

a. Elevates/maintains blood glucose

c. Stimulates breakdown of protein for energy

A primary effect of thyroid hormone is to

Select one:

a. Elevate metabolism

b. Lower Metabolism

c. Elevate blood sugar

d. Lower blood sugar

e. Stimulate reproductive organs

a. Elevate metabolism

Leptin is a hormone released from fat cells when energy storage is high (i.e. we store more fat). Assume leptin works in a simple endocrine loop and has an effect on appetite. One center involved in regulating appetite is in the hypothalamus. When leptin levels rise, you would expect appetite to

Select one:

a. Increase

b. Decrease

b. Decrease

Many choice: Which of the following might result from endocrine receptor signaling?

Select one or more:

a. Increased production of ATP

b. Release of other molecules (exocytosis)

c. Opening ion channels

a. Increased production of ATP

b. Release of other molecules (exocytosis)

c. Opening ion channels

Calcitonin

Select one:

a. Lowers blood calcium

b. Elevates blood calcium

c. Lowers blood sugar

d. Elevates blood sugar

a. Lowers blood calcium

Many choice: Imagine a physician encounters a disease in which the thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor (TRH receptor) is mutated. The receptor is stuck in the "on" position. Symptoms of the patient suffering from this disease would likely include

Select one or more:

a. Feeling hot

b. Sleeping too much

c. Weight loss

a. Feeling hot

c. Weight loss

Imaginary hormone receptor: Imagine a human had a mutated hormone receptor that was located in the adrenal cortex but was turned on by binding to Insulin. When the receptor is turned on, it causes release of hormones that regulate stress. All other components of the endocrine system respond normally. This person would have (choose every correct answer)

Select one or more:

a. High ACTH

b. Low ACTH

c. High CRH

d. Low CRH

e. High cortisol

f. Low cortisol

b. Low ACTH

d. Low CRH

e. High cortisol

Many choice: Cells that release hormones in the posterior pituitary gland

Select one or more:

a. Have nuclei located in the posterior pituitary gland

b. Release hormones in response to action potentials

c. Release growth hormone

a. Have nuclei located in the posterior pituitary gland

b. Releases hormones in response to action potentials

Epinephrine can have opposite effects in different tissues. This is because

Select one:

a. Epinephrine release shifts from the adrenal medulla to the cortex.

b. There are different forms of epinephrine released in different organs.

c. Local changes in electrochemical gradients cause changes in hormone action.

d. There are different types of epinephrine receptors.

d. There are different types of epinephrine receptors

Many choice: Imagine a disease in which blood osmolarity is constantly too high. Adding ADH to the bloodstream does not treat the disorder. There must be a disruption at the level of the

Select one or more:

a. The ADH sensor

b. The ADH control center

c. The ADH receptor

c. The ADH receptor

If a person had a mutation in the growth hormone receptor so that it was always off,

Select one:

a. The person would be large

b. The person would be small

c. We don't know. The person would be of normal stature

b. The person would be small

Leptin is a hormone released from fat cells when energy storage is high. Assume leptin works in a simple endocrine loop and has an effect on appetite. One center involved in regulating appetite is in the hypothalamus. Where must there be leptin receptors?

Select one:

a. The hypothalamus

b. Fat cells

c. Muscle cells

a. The hypothalamus