A&P2: CHAPT 21 BLOOD VESSELS & CIRCULATION

a. the circulatory system of what 3 main types of blood vessels?

b. whats the order of blood flow through circulatory system?

arteries, capillaries, veins, heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, heart

**3 TUNICS OF THE BLOOD VESSELS

• ______: outermost layer of the vessel

  • responsible for vessel integrity and resisting physical wall strain

  • vasa vasorum (vessels) and the nevi vasorum (nerves) supply the vessel wall

• ______: composed of smooth muscle that can change the vessel diameter

  • responsible for vasoconstriction + vasodilation

  • thicker on the arterial side than the veins

  • composed on internal and external elastic membranes

• ______: the tunica that is next to the lumen

  • composed of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium)

  • supported by the basement membrane & lamina propria

  • surrounded by internal elastic membrane (thickest in the arteries)

tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

a. what are the vessels that supply the vessel wall?

b. what are the nerves that supply the vessel wall

vasa vasorum, nevi vasorum

a. what are the three classifications of arteries?

• ________: (large arteries) (like aorta & pulmonary trunk) and arteries with thick tunica intimacy (elastic tissue) than muscle.

  • the pressure is ____ and fluctuates between systolic and diastolic

• ________ : (medium arteries) have thicker tunica media

  • they branch off of ______ arteries leading into regions of ______ circulation

  • smooth allows vessels to regulate blood supply by constricting or dilating

• ________ = (& arterioles)… contain very few layers of smooth muscle. its essential for increasing ____________

  • transports blood FROM ______ to the __________

elastic arteries, high, muscular arteries, elastic, systemic, smaller arteries, peripheral resistance, arteries, capillaries

a. what does the anatomy of this describe?

• wall consisting of an endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) + basement membrane + a delicate layer of loose connective tissue

capillary

a. know the 3 types of capillaries

• _________: no gaps between endothelial cells + no fenestrae + less permeable to large molecules than other capillary types (capillaries of all 3 muscle types, nervous tissue

• ______: endothelial cells have numerous fenestrae (pores) that are highly permeable. (example: capillaries of the intestinal villi, ciliary process of eye, choroid plexus, glomeruli of kidney)

• ______: large diameter with large fenestrae + less basement membrane. (ex: liver, spleen, bone marrow)

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal

a. order of capillary network?

b. what are precapillary sphincters located? in the…

• what kind of muscle is it?

• it regulates what into the capillary network?

arteriole, metarteriole, arterial capillaries, venue capillaries, venule, metarterioles, smooth, blood flow

*know the 3 vascular anastomoses + where they are found

• ______: connections between 2 or more arteries

  • they allow blood to flow from one artery to another, which provides another pathway for blood circulation.

  • ______ _____ : ensure continuous flow, even if one artery is blocked. it’s common in joints, abdominal organs, brain, and heart

• _________ : allow blood flow directly from arterioles to small veins without passing through

• ________: so abundant that occluded veins rarely block blood flow

arterial anastomoses, collateral channels, arteriovenous anastomoses, venous anastomoses

*know the 3 types of veins

• _______: drain capillary network

  • composed of ______ cells & basement membrane with few smooth muscle cells

  • as diameter of venules increases, amount of smooth muscle ______

• _____: smooth muscle cells that form a continuous layer

  • addition of tunica adventitia made of collagenous connective tissue

• _____: endothelial cells, relatively thin layer of connective tissue and a few scattered elastic fibers

  • ____: has circularly arrange smooth muscle cells

  • ____: is predominant layer

venules, endothelial, increases, small veins, large veins, tunica media, tunica externa

a. what type of vessel has valves

b. their function is to prevent _____ of ____ by _____ in intimate that forms 2 flaps that overlap

veins, backflow, blood, folding

*know the 3 portal vein systems & their location

• ________ : system where veins that carry nutrient rich blood from GI capillaries to the liver, where they dilate and are called ______ capillaries

• _______: system between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland

• ______: system where the urine produces structures of the kidneys

hepatic portal system, sinusoidal, hypothalami-hypophyseal portal system, renal nephron portal system

*understand the disorders

• ______: dilated & painful due to incompetent (leaky) valves

• _____: basically varicose veins EXCEPT is incredibly inflamed _

• _____: buildup of fatty plaque in the large and medium-sized arteries + restrict blood flow

• _____: degenerative changes in arteries that make them less elastic.

  • vessel gets thick + stiffened > ends up narrowing your arteries and restricts blood flow

varicose veins, phlebitis, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis

*know the 2 divisions of the circulatory system

• ________: blood flow between heart + lungs

  • from right ventricle > _______ while carrying _____ blood > into left and right _______ arteries > to the lungs > from lungs to _________ while carrying ______ blood > exits each lung and enters _______

• _______: circulation between body and heart

  • from left ventricle > into _____ to various arteries of the head and neck > upper limbs, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs, flowing through capillaries and veins finally collected by the major veins of the body returning to the heart

pulmonary circulation, pulmonary trunk, deoxygenated, pulmonary, pulmonary veins, oxygenated, left atrium, systemic circulation, aorta

*be able to identify the 3 parts of the aorta + 3 branching coming off the aortic arch

• ______: has right and left coronary arteries that branch from here

• ______: arching posteriorly and to the left has 3 branches:

  • _____ _____ + left common ______ + left _______ _______

• ______: becomes thoracic aorta + the abdominal aorta is inferior to the diaphragm

ascending aorta, aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, carotid artery, subclavian artery, descending aorta

*know the arteries of the head + neck

• #1: brachiocephalic artery divides into:

  • ____________: which serves as the ___ side of the neck and head

  • ____________: serves as the right upper limb

• #2:_______ : serves as the left side of the neck and head

• #3: _______: serves the left upper limb

  • both common carotid arteries extend superior without branching to the inferior angle of the mandible, then branches into:

    • ______: supplies the brain

    • ______: supply the neck + face

right common carotid artery, right, right subclavian artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, internal carotid arteries, external carotid arteries

*know the major vessels entering the brain + what they supply

• the right and left subclavian arteries → right and left vertebral arteries enter foramen magnum → they join with the basilar artery that serves pons and cerebellum

• the internal carotid arteries enter the carotid canals → the circle of willis serves cerebrum

say yes

yes

*identify the 3 major arteries of the upper limb (alphabetical)

*the 2nd one breaks off into

• ulnar + radial arteries

• form superficial palmar arch + deep palmar arch

• digital arteries serve the fingers + thumb

axillary artery, brachial artery, subclavian artery

*know the 2 branches of the thoracic aorta + what they supply

visceral branches, supplies the thoracic organs, parietal branches, supplies portions of the thoracic wall

*know the 3 major branches of the abdominal aorta alphabetical

*what do they supply

*what are the common iliac

celiac trunk, inferior mesenteric artery, superior mesenteric artery, kidneys: renal arteries, adrenal glands: suprarenal arteries, gonads: gonadal arteries, left and right common iliac

a. do veins return blood to the heart or the body (HEART/BODY)

b. do arteries return blood to the heart or the body (HEART/BODY)

heart, body

a. what are the major veins that return to the heart? (alphabetical)

coronary sinus, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava

*know the veins above the heart and what they dain

• external jugular → _____ > _____ > ______

• internal jugular → ______ > ______

subclavian, brachiocephalic, superior vena cava, brachiocephalic, superior vena cava

*know the veins of the upper limb :

• ulnar and radial veins → brachial vein → axillary vein → subclavian

say yes

yes

• Be able to identify the veins from the lower abdomen and pelvis and what they drain, including: gonadal, suprarenal, renal, internal iliac, external iliac, common iliac, hepatic, inferior vena cava

SAY YES IGNORE

YES

a. what system does this describe: formed by the superior mesenteric vein that drains the small intestine, splenic vein that drains the spleen, and gastric veins that drain the stomach

hepatic portal system

*what does this describe: the breakdown of toxic substances by hepatocytes to make them water soluble?

biotransformation

*understand the veins of the lower limb

• _____: superficial anterior and medial leg (longest vein in the body)

• _____: formed by the union of the anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and fibular perineal vein behind the knee

  • _____: drains blood from deep anterior part of the leg

  • _____: drains blood from the deep posterior part of the leg

  • _____: drains blood from the deep lateral part of the leg

great saphenous, popliteal, anterior tibial, posterior tibial vein, fibular (peroneal)

*understand fetal circulation

• ______: a circulatory organ unique to pregnancy that develops jointly from the embryo + uterine wall structures to fill this need

• ______: emerges from the placenta _ carries oxygen-rich blood from the mother to the fetal inferior cava via the ductus venous to the heart that pumps it into fetal circulation

• _____: carry oxygen-depleted fetal blood, which includes wastes + carbon dioxide to the placenta

placenta, umbilical vein, umbilical arteries

*know the 3 major shunts

• _____ and _____ (alphabetical) : divert blood from the pulmonary to the systemic circuit

  • ABSOLUTELY CRITCAL DURING _____ because lungs are compressed, filled with amniotic fluid + nonfunctional

• ____: persists a bit longer but becomes nonfunctional once the umbilical is severed/cut off

ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale, fetal life, ductus venosus

*know the terms:

• ______ blood flow: interior of blood vessel is smooth + of equal diameter along its length

  • streamlined to reduce resistance to motion; it is to minimize turbulence

  • prevents damage to blood vessels + reduced heart workload

• ______blood flow: interrupted, rate of flow exceeds critical velocity

  • enhances mixing of deoxygenated blood and oxygenated

  • NOT NORMAL IN _______ + if it is, it’s due to some constriction + increases probability of thrombosis

laminar, turbulent, arteries

*understand the relationship between blood flow, pressure, and resistance

• blood flow (F) is ____ _____ to blood pressure gradient (ΔP)

  • if ΔP (pressure) increases, blood flow (decreases/increases)

    • ex: if the heart pumps harder, pressure (increase/decrease) so blood moves faster

• blood flow is _____ ____ to peripheral resistance (R)

  • if R increases, blood flow (increase/decrease)

• r is more essential in influencing local blood flow because it is easily changed by altering blood vessel diameter

• resistance is affected by viscosity of the blood, vessel length, and vessel diameter

directly proportional, inversely proportional

*understand these terms:

• blood pressure is measured using a _____ (the thin tube discussed to insert into a vein to administer medicine, drain fluid, etc.)

• ______: technique used to to measure blood pressure by listening to the sounds of blood flows in the arteries. this is done by:

  • _____: the cuff used to measure blood pressure

  • _____: used to listen for …..what sounds? (systolic + diastolic) produced by turbulent flow in arteries as pressure released from blood pressure cuff (so typically, turbulent flow is not normal in arteries but turbulent is normal when the cuff is applied to the arm but its to deliberately look for those sounds)

    • pressure during first sound: _____
      pressure when sound disappears: _____

cannula, auscultatory method, sphygmomanometer, stethoscope, Korotkoff, systolic, diastolic

*know these values!!

• _______: <120 | ________ <80

• _______: 120-129 | ________ <80

• _______: 130-139 | ________: 80-89

• _______: ≥ 140 | _______ ≥ 90

normal systolic blood pressure, normal diastolic blood pressure, elevated systolic blood pressure, elevated diastolic blood pressure, stage 1 systolic hypertension, stage 1 diastolic hypertension, stage 2 systolic hypertension, stage 2 diastolic hypertension

what vessels hold the most volume of blood?

veins

*when is blood pressure highest? (what part of the heart)

*when is blood pressure lowest? (when it enters…

aorta, right atrium

• Understand capillary exchange: the movement of substances into and out of capillaries

-   Most exchange is by _____

-    Lipid soluble molecules cross the _______

-   Water soluble molecules move through intracellular spaces or _______

-   Fluid moves out of the capillary at the arterial end by _______ ______

-   Fluid moves back into the capillary at the venous end by ________

diffusion, plasma membrane, fenestrations, blood pressure, osmotic pressure

*Venous Blood Pressure

• _______ is continual state of partial contraction

-   Pressure is ______ and doesn’t change much

-   Adaptations that aid venous return: muscular pump, respiratory pump, sympathetic venoconstriction

venous tone, low

• Understand blood flow in tissues

-   Precapillary sphincters ______ for more blood flow

-   Precapillary sphincters _____ for less blood flow

-  ________ routes blood flow and maintains blood pressure

-   Hormonal: epinephrine and norepinephrine

relax, contract, nervous tissue

• Remember MAP = CO x HR x SV / as any of these go up MAP goes ______?

up