POLI 202 Quiz 2

What does Hobbes believe are the two kinds of motion?

vital & voluntary

What does Hobbes believe is vital motion?

Things we do to stay alive unconsciously

What does Hobbes believe is voluntary motion?

Things we choose to do

What does Hobbes believe guides voluntary motions?

Our appetites and aversions

What does Hobbes believe about appetites?

Our desires

What does Hobbes believe about aversions?

The primary motion of all human nature that drive all voluntary action

What does Hobbes believe is the object of appetites?

Good

What does Hobbes believe is the object of aversions?

Evil

What does Hobbes believe is glory?

Joy in the imagining of one's own power

Why does Hobbes believe the vainglorious are dangerous?

They overestimate their abilities

What does Hobbes believe about confidence?

Glory grounded in his own actions

What does Hobbes believe about felicity?

Succession of one desire after another

What does Hobbes believe about the state of nature?

War of all against all with NO political authority

What does Hobbes believe about the state of war?

Humanity's natural condition without government

What does Hobbes say about the prisoner's dilemma?

You should always attack first

What does Hobbes believe about strength?

even if not precisely equal, weak can still kill the strong

What does Hobbes believe about prudence?

everyone gains experience over time, and no one concedes that others are more wise

What does Hobbes believe about ability?

equally hopeful of attaining our ends

What does Hobbes believe about competition?

people desire the same things and will invade for gain

What does Hobbes believe about diffidence?

competition could arise at any time

What does Hobbes believe is the Law of Nature?

"requires" you to do what you believe you need in order to survive

What is a contract to Hobbes?

mutual transferring of right

What is a covenant to Hobbes?

a contract where one or both parties performs later

What is injustice to Hobbes?

failing to keep a valid covenant

What is a sovereign to Hobbes?

something that (a) makes decisions where (b) everyone has agreed to abide by those decisions

What are the 4 rights of a sovereign to Hobbes?

comand

right of nature

exclusivity

unconditionality

What does Hobbes mean by the right to command?

Everyone is obligated to do (almost) whatever the sovereign says

What does Hobbes say about the right of nature?

The liberty to do what you think you need in order to survive

What does Hobbes say about exclusivity?

No one other than the sovereign can have these rights

What does Hobbes say about unconditionality?

the sovereign cannot lose these rights

What is an institution to Hobbes?

a multitude that covenants with each other that one man (or woman), or assembly, will have the right to present the person of them all

What does Hobbes say about acquisition?

One person makes a group of others submit, perhaps as a parent would, or perhaps through threats of their destruction

What does Hobbes say about the author?

The person who owns an action

What does Hobbes say about authority?

a right to act on behalf of someone else

What does Hobbes say about personation?

someone who acts, with authority, in place of another person

What does Hobbes say about freedom?

The condition of not being hindered in. movement

What does Hobbes say about true liberties?

What subjects are obligated to obey

What does Hobbes say about claim rights?

impermissible for others to use the thing

What does Hobbes say about liberty rights?

gives you permission to do something

What does Locke have to say about the state of nature?

-in a state of nature if haven't accepted some common political authority

-have duty to obey the law of nature but no duty to obey another person

-God has a claim right to us

What does Locke say about freedom?

All men are naturally in a state of perfect freedom

What does Locke say about equality?

everyone is naturally equal in the sense that nobody is obligated to obey another

What does Locke say about the Law of Nature?

No one should harm another's life, health, liberty, or possession

What does Locke believe about punishment?

1. the law of nature would be pointless if no one had the right to punish

2. God did not intend for the law of nature to be pointless

3. so, someone must have the right to punish

4. if everyone is equal, then no one has a right to punish more than anyone else

5. everyone is equal

6. everyone has a right to punish

What does Locke say about property and labor?

property can be acquired to external things by "mixing your labor" with them

What is the Lockean Proviso?

Individuals may appropriate private property from nature by mixing their labor with it, provided there is "enough, and as good, left in common for others"

What is Locke's view on tacit consent?

implied consent through actions, silence, or inaction

What is Locke's view on express consent?

A clear, direct, and often written or verbal agreement

What are Rousseau's thoughts on the state of nature?

People were naturally good but were corrupted by society

What are Rousseau's 6 stages of nature?

1. Pure State of Nature

2. Elementary Cooperation

3. Family Period

4. Complex Cooperation

5. State of War

6. Political Society

Rousseau's Pure State of Nature

Individuals are isolated, have no moral concepts, and are independent of others

Rousseau's Elementary Cooperation

Individuals sense opportunities to benefit from coordinating with others

no families

Rousseau's Family Period

First technological revolution (stone tools), build huts --> families are possible, sexual division of labor, first evils emerge, still the golden age

Rousseau's Complex Cooperation

People discover large scale cooperation which results in inequality, needs increase

Rousseau's State of War

rich worry about jealousies, nascent society gives way to a state of war

Rousseau's Political Society

states still in anarchy causing national wars, individuals give up their independence, democracy recedes and the strong take over

Rousseau's view on pity

innate repugnance to seeing other people suffe

Rousseau's view on self-love

helps preserve the species

What do property, comparison, and the division of labor do?

increase the magnification of inequality

What does Rousseau believe about the State of war?

unlike for Hobbes, this state of war is a product of history

Rousseau - when the rich people say let us all join together to protect the weak, is that sincere?

no

What does Kant say about good will?

Nothing is good without qualification except for a good will

What does Kant say about permissibility?

Whether an action is morally right or wrong

What does Kant say about moral worth?

Whether performing an action makes on deserving of moral praise

What does Kant say an imperative is?

Statements of oughts

What does Kant say a maxim is?

The thing you are planning to do and the reason you're going to do it

What does Kant say a hypothetical imperative is?

You ought to take the means to an end that you will

What does Kant say a categorical imperative is?

You ought to perform some action, regardless of any ends you hold (objectively necessary)

What does Kant say is the formula of universal law?

An action is right if it is "in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that become a universal law"