Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

biology

• study of life or living things

• one aim is to discover patterns in the diversity

• the study of living organisms

• have several features that distinguish them from non-living things

common functions of all living things

• responsiveness (irritability)

• growth

• reproduction

• movement

• metabolism

bio

life

logos

study of

responsiveness (irritability)

• responding to a change in the immediate environment

  • e.g. pulling your hand from the stove

• longer term change is called adaptation

  • wolf fur is 3x thicker in the winter than in the summer but polar bear fur always has thicker fur than wolves

adaptation

longer term chage

growth

• increase in cell size or cell number

• individual cells become specialized for particular functions (cellular differentiation)

  • e.g. gametes (egg and sperm) are produced by meiosis that is needed for reproduction to happen

cellular differentiation

• individual cells becoming specialized for particular functions

• skin cells are differentiated cells specialized for protection

eukaryotes

• eu = “true”; karyotes = “enclosed nucleus”

• yeasts, many protists

prokaryotes

• pro = “before”; karyotes = “enclosed nucleus”

• bacteria and archaea

unicellular

• single-celled

• consists of eukaryotes and prokaryotes

multicellular

animals, plants, all other fungi, and some protists

reproduction

• creation of new generations of the same kind of organisms

• can be asexual or sexual

mitosis

allows us to grow and to replace damaged or worn-out somatic (“body”) cells

asexual reproduction

cell that divides once to produce genetically identical cells to the parent cell and sister cell

binary fission

binary fission; occurs in prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)

mitosis

found in our body (let’s us grow and replace damaged and worn out somatic cells (all cells in our body except for egg and sperm)) e.g. liver cells, pancreatic cells

crossing over

where genetic material is transferred between homologous chromatin or homologous chromosomes; occurs during prophase I of meiosis I)

independent assortment

the way one gene is inherited does not affect how another gene is inherited

movement

consists of internal and external movement, a common function of all living things

internal movement

transporting blood food, or other material within the body e.g. movement of air through the respiratory tract; inside

external movement

moving through the environment e.g. running, swimming, walking; outside

metabolism

one of the common functions of all living things; sum of all chemical reactions in the body, consisting of anabolism and catabolism

anabolism

when large molecules are created from smaller ones and energy is used; energy must be supplied, endergonic

endergonic

ender - inside gonic - energy; e.g. building amino acids requires energy to happen

catabolism

when large molecules are broken down to smaller ones and energy is released; exergonic

exergonic

exer - outside; gonic; energy; e.g. breaking down of proteins to amino acids in the digestive tract to release energy

anatomy

study of internal and external structure and the physical relationships between body parts

• gross (macroscopic anatomy

• microscopic anatomy

gross (macroscopic) anatomy

studies structures visible with unaided eye

microscopic anatomy

studies structures that cannot be seen without magnification or micrscope

3 forms of gross anatomy

1. surface anatomy

2. regional anatomy

3. systemic anatomy

surface anatomy

study of superficial markings; gross anatomy

regional anatomy

study of a specific region of the body; gross anatomy

systemic anatomy

study of organ systems; gross anatomy

2 forms of microscopic anatomy

1. cytology

2. histology

cytology

study of cells; microscopic anatomy

histology

study of tissues; microscopic anatomy

physiology

study of how living organisms carry out their functions

human physiology

studies functions of the human body

cell physiology

functions of living cells

special physiology

physiology of specific organs

systemic physiology

functions of organ systems

pathological physiology (pathology)

effects of diseases on organ or systems functions

levels of organization

1. chemical level

2. cellular level

3. tissue level

4. organ level

5. organ system level

6. organism level

chemical level

includes atoms, micromolecules, and macromolecules; e.g. actin protein

atoms

interact to form molecules; e.g. H2O

molecules

join ot form complex contractile protein filaments

macromolecules

e.g. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (steroids, fats, and phospholipids), nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

actin

protein found in our body that comes together to form actin filaments (thin filaments)

protein

macromolecule; part of chemical level or organization

actin filament

made up of actin protein; part of the cellular level of organization

protein filaments

e.g. contractile protein filaments are structures within a heart muscle cell; myosin (thick) filament; acting (thin filament); cellular level of organization

myosin (thick) filament

consists of many proteins called myosin; cellular level of organization

heart muscle cell

eukaryotic cell; part of the cellular level of organization

nucleus

stores genetic material (DNA)

tissue level

e.g. cardiac muscle tissue makes up the heart

cardiac muscle tissue

makes up the heart; consists of many heart muscle cells

organ level of organization

consists of more or equal to 2 different tissues; e.g. the heart is a complex organ composed of different tissues

heart

complex organ that is composed of different tissues; made up of cardiac muscle and other tissues; part of the organ level of organization

organ system level

consists of different organs working together; e.g. the cardiovascular system; have a total of 11 organ systems in the human body

cardiovascular system

includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels

organism level

e.g. human’s 11 organ systems must work together in order to remain alive and healthy

11 organ systems of the human body

1. integumentary

2. skeletal

3. muscular

4. nervous

5. endocrine

6. cardiovascular

7. lymphatic

8. respiratory

9. digestive

10. urinary

11. reproductive

integumentary system

protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature; provides sensory information; (not shown) mammary and sweat glands

hair

skin

nails

mammary glands

produce milk; exocrine gland; part of the integumentary system

sweat (sudoriferous) glands

part of integumentary system; exocrine glands

skeletal system

made up of bones, cartilages, ligaments (connect bone to bone) and bone marrow; supports and protects tissues, stores minerals, and produces blood cells

platelets

blood cells produced in the bone marrow that repair dermal damages

bone marrow

component of skeletal system

axial skeleton

includes the bones of the skull, spine (vertebral column), ribs, and sternum. It forms the main framework of the body and helps protect the brain, heart, and lungs

appendicular skeleton

includes the bones of the arms, legs, shoulders (pectoral girdle), and hips (pelvic girdle). It helps the body move and interact with the environment

skull

axial skeleton

sternum

axial skeleton

ribs

axial skeleton

vertebrae

axial skeleton

sacrum

axial skeleton

supporting bones (scapula and clavicle)

appendicular skeleton

upper limb bones

appendicular skeleton

pelvis (supporting bones plus sacrum)

appendicular skeleton

lower limb bones

appendicular skeleton

muscular system

provides movement; provides protection and support for other tissues; produces heart

muscles

cardiac, skeletal (majority of our body), and smooth

ligaments

connect bone to bone

axial muscles

on the axial skeleton

appendicular muscles

on the appendicular skeleton

tendons

attach skeletal muscle to bones and allows movement and provides protection and support to tissues

the nervous system

directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems; provides and interprets sensory information about internal and external conditions

peripheral nervous sytem

includes all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; helps carry messages between the central nervous system and the muscles, organs, and skin, allowing the body to move and respond to the environm

central nervous system

controls the activites of other organ systems; responses are quick and do not last long; provides and ensure sensory information from both external and internal environments

peripheral nerves

brain

spinal cord

endocrine system

directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems

parathyroid gland

thymus

adrenal gland

sits on top of each kidney

ovary in female