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homologous structures
a. Same embryo. structure - different function in adult
i.e. Forelimbs in mammals; upright, humans
b. ADAPTIVE RADIATION
c. EMBRYO comparisons
analogus structures
a. Different embryo. structure - similar function
i.e. Birds & insect wings, submarine & dolphin
cactus & euphorbs
b. CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
Convergent evolution
nature can take a variety of different starting points such as insects, bird or plane and end up looking like each other, because of a similar use.
vestigial structures
reduced, “nonfunctional”
a. man: tail and appendix
b. pelvic bones in whales