APUSH Unit 3 - 231-234

Virginia Dynasty (1801-1825)

The presidency of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe that reserved Federalist policies and actively supported westward expansion

• Completed the Revolution of 1800

John Marshall

The new chief justice of the Supreme Court during Jefferson’s presidency

• Believed in a strong central government

• Opposed states’ rights

• The Supreme Court upheld the supremacy of federal legislation over state legislatures

• Promoted a business enterprise; was a nationalist

Marbury v. Madison

A court case that established the principle of judicial review

• Gave the Supreme Court the authority to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional

• Voided a section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 to define the court’s powers

Significance: Challenged the Republican view that the state legislatures had that power

• Declared the Alien and Sedation acts as unconstitutional

 Judiciary Act of 1801

An act that served the purpose of adding more Federalist judges

• Created 16 new and various other positions

• The act caused Jefferson to fear that Republicanism would be broken due to the Federalists

Jefferson’s Presidency

Yeoman Farmer:

• Represented virtue and independence from the corrupting influence of cities, bankers, and industrialists

• Jefferson made it easier for farmers to acquire land by cutting the cost of terrain

The role of the Federal government:

• Must not violate the rights of the states; limited scope and activities

• Argued that the President should practice Republican simplicity

Freedom and Rights:

• Essential rights to sppech and press; First amendment

Republican Simplicity

An American political ideal, championed by Thomas Jefferson

• emphasized limited government, reduced spending, minimal taxes, and anti-monarchical customs

• Reflected a rejection of European aristocratic lifestyles

 Pinckney Treaty (1795)

An agreement between the U.S. and Spain that reopened the Mississippi River

• Allowed settlers to export crops via New Orleans (Which was owned by the Spanish)

Significance: Resolved territorial disputes between the two countries and granted American ships the right to free navigation

What was Jefferson’s goal when purchasing Louisiana?

Acquire the port of New Orleans to provide an outlet for western crops as he hoped to perpetuate an agricultural society by making abundant lands.

• Dispatched James Monroe to Britain to negotiate an alliance

• Instructed Robert Livingston to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans

Result: Gaining all of Louisiana—however, this purchase violated Jefferson’s strict interpretation of the constitution, which in turn increased party conflict and generated secessionist schemes

Secessionist Schemes

Efforts by sub-national regions or groups to withdraw from a sovereign state or form new jurisdictions

• driven by political, cultural, or economic divides.

Example: To break away from Jefferson’s ideals

What role did Napoleon Bonaparte serve in the Louisiana Purchase?

By seizing the power in France and seeking to reestablish the French-American empire, Napoleon restricted American access to New Orleans

• This conflicted with Jefferson’s goal of westward expansion and violated Pinckey’s Treaty

Lewis & Clark

Two explorers sent by Jefferson following the Louisiana Purchase to attain information about the new terrain

• They traveled down the Columbian River to the Pacific Ocean

Significance: Provided Jefferson with the first maps of Louisiana, which prompted some Americans to envision a great, expeditious nation.

The Mandans

A tribe that was hit hard by the smallpox epidemic and threatened by the Sioux

• Lived primarily off of horticulture (grew corn, beans, and squash)

• Acquired horses through trade with nomadic Plains Indians

The Sioux Peoples

Composed of Tetons, Yantenais, and Ogalas

• Moved westward due to their increased population and food scarcity

• Acquired horses, hunted buffalo, and lived as nomads in portable skin tepees—they dominated the buffalo trade throughout the upper Missouri region

Louisiana Purchase effect on New England Federalists

Following the Louisiana Purchase, some New England Feds. talked about forming a confederacy of northeastern states in fear of westward expansion hurting their regions.

• Worried that a shift of political power to the South would occur, promote an agrarian economy over northern commerce, and create new, anti-Federalist states

• Supported by Aaron Burr

• Viewed the purchase as unconstitutional; sparked secessionist talk

Burr Duel

A vice president who supported the secessionists of New England

• Engaged in an illegal duel with Alexander Hamilton; result of political tension and the undermining of Republicanism

• After Hamiliton’s death, Burr fled in 1805 westward to avoid persecution

Burr and General Wilkinson Conspiracy 

An alleged plot by former U.S. Vice President, Aaron Burr, to seize Louisiana Territory land or invade Spanish Mexico to establish an independent empire.

• Conspired with General Wilkinson—the military governor of Louisiana territory

• Gen. Wilkinson betrayed Burr, which resulted in the Jury accusing Burr of treason.

Secessionist

A person who favors formal withdrawal from membership of a federation or body, especially a political state.