Chapter 8: Statics and Torque - Review Terms

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38 Terms

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First Condition of Equilibrium

The net external force on a system must be zero for it to be in equilibrium.

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Torque

A measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis.

<p>A measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis.</p>
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Second Condition for Equilibrium

The net external torque on a system must be zero for the system to be in equilibrium.

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Torque

A measure of the effectiveness of a force in changing or accelerating a rotation, defined as τ = rF sin θ, where τ is torque, r is the distance from the pivot point, F is the force magnitude, and θ is the angle between the force and the lever arm.

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Perpendicular Lever Arm (r⊥)

The shortest distance from the pivot point to the line along which the force acts, used to calculate torque as τ = r⊥F.

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Pivot Point

The point around which torque is calculated; can be any point in or out of the system of interest.

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Net Torque

The sum of all torques acting on a system, which must be zero for equilibrium.

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Example of Torque: Door

Illustrates how the magnitude, direction, and point of application of force affect torque when opening a door.

<p>Illustrates how the magnitude, direction, and point of application of force affect torque when opening a door.</p>
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Seesaw Example

Demonstrates the application of torque and equilibrium conditions using a seesaw with two children of different masses.

<p>Demonstrates the application of torque and equilibrium conditions using a seesaw with two children of different masses.</p>
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Torque Equation

τ = rF sin θ or τ = r⊥F, used to calculate the torque based on force and lever arm.

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Equilibrium

A state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced.

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Stable Equilibrium

A condition where a system returns to its original position after being displaced, due to a restoring force or torque.

<p>A condition where a system returns to its original position after being displaced, due to a restoring force or torque.</p>
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Unstable Equilibrium

A condition where a system moves further away from its original position after being displaced, due to a force or torque in the same direction as the displacement.

<p>A condition where a system moves further away from its original position after being displaced, due to a force or torque in the same direction as the displacement.</p>
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Neutral Equilibrium

A condition where a system's equilibrium is unaffected by displacements from its original position.

<p>A condition where a system's equilibrium is unaffected by displacements from its original position.</p>
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Center of Gravity (cg)

The point at which the total weight of a body or system is considered to act.

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Critical Point

The point at which a system in stable equilibrium becomes unstable, often when the center of gravity is no longer above the base of support.

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Free Body Diagram

A graphical representation used to visualize the forces acting on a system, showing their relative magnitudes, directions, and points of application.

<p>A graphical representation used to visualize the forces acting on a system, showing their relative magnitudes, directions, and points of application.</p>
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Net Force (netF=0)

The sum of all forces acting on a system, which must be zero for the system to be in static equilibrium.

<p>The sum of all forces acting on a system, which must be zero for the system to be in static equilibrium.</p>
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Net Torque (netτ=0)

The sum of all torques acting on a system, which must be zero for the system to be in static equilibrium.

<p>The sum of all torques acting on a system, which must be zero for the system to be in static equilibrium.</p>
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Problem-Solving Strategy in Statics

A systematic approach involving determining static equilibrium, drawing free body diagrams, applying equilibrium conditions, and checking the solution's reasonableness.

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Simple Machines

Devices that multiply or augment a force applied, often at the expense of the distance through which the force is applied. Examples include levers, gears, pulleys, wedges, and screws.

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Mechanical Advantage (MA)

The ratio of output force to input force magnitudes for any simple machine, indicating how much a machine multiplies the input force.

<p>The ratio of output force to input force magnitudes for any simple machine, indicating how much a machine multiplies the input force.</p>
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Lever

A simple machine consisting of a rigid bar pivoted at a fixed point called the fulcrum, used to transmit and amplify force by rotation about the pivot.

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Fulcrum

The fixed point around which a lever pivots.

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Torque

A measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis. It is the product of force and the distance from the pivot point.

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Inclined Plane

A flat surface tilted at an angle to help raise or lower loads with less effort than lifting them vertically.

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Wheelbarrow

A type of lever where the load is between the pivot (wheel's axle) and the input force, providing a mechanical advantage greater than one.

<p>A type of lever where the load is between the pivot (wheel's axle) and the input force, providing a mechanical advantage greater than one.</p>
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Shovel

A type of lever where the input force is between the pivot and the load, often resulting in a mechanical advantage less than one.

<p>A type of lever where the input force is between the pivot and the load, often resulting in a mechanical advantage less than one.</p>
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Equation for Mechanical Advantage of a Lever

MA = Fo/Fi = li/lo, where Fo is the output force, Fi is the input force, li is the input lever arm, and lo is the output lever arm.

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Example of Mechanical Advantage Calculation

For a wheelbarrow with a load lever arm of 7.50 cm and a hand lever arm of 1.02 m, the MA is 1.02/0.0750 = 13.6.

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Muscle Contraction

The process by which muscles exert force by shortening and generating tension.

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Flexor Muscle

A muscle that decreases the angle between bones on two sides of a joint, such as the biceps in the arm.

<p>A muscle that decreases the angle between bones on two sides of a joint, such as the biceps in the arm.</p>
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Extensor Muscle

A muscle that increases the angle between bones on two sides of a joint, such as the triceps in the arm.

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Mechanical Advantage

The ratio of the output force to the input force in a system, often less than one in muscle systems.

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Center of Gravity (CG)

The point where the total weight of a body or system is considered to be concentrated.

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Force Exerted by Muscles

The tension generated by muscles during contraction, often much greater than the force applied externally.

<p>The tension generated by muscles during contraction, often much greater than the force applied externally.</p>
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Pivot Point

The point around which rotation occurs in a lever system, such as a joint in the body.

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Mechanical Advantage in Jaw

The masseter muscles in the jaw have a mechanical advantage greater than one, allowing large forces to be exerted with the back teeth.