Module 10 : Autoimmune diseases

Morbidity

the state of being diseased or unhealthy, or it can refer to the amount of disease in a population

Organ‐specific autoimmune disease

the target autoantigens and lesions are restricted to a particular organ; Ex: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease and type 1 diabetes

Non‐organ‐specific (systemic) autoimmune disease

the autoantibodies widespread involve deposition of circulating immune complexes; Ex: Systematic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Autoimmune diseases generally involve multiple genetic contributions, including:

polymorphisms associated with HLA, autoantigen, PRRs, cytokines, cytokine receptors, co‐stimulatory, signaling molecules, transcription factors

Seventy‐five percent of autoimmune disease
occurs in ___, most commonly between _____ and ______

females; puberty and the menopause

What appears to dive the autoimmune response?

Autoantigen

Most autoantigens are accessible to the immune system, but ___ and ___ proteins are sequestered (hidden)

lens and sperm

B‐cells and T‐cells can be stimulated directly by _____ such as Epstein–Barr virus or superantigens.

polyclonal activators

Defects in _____ are implicated in a number of autoimmune diseases

Foxp3+ Tregs

______ imbalances are often seen in autoimmune disease, triggering the disease.

Cytokine

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

an autoimmune blood disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys platelets

Graves’ disease

an autoimmune disorder that causes the thyroid gland to overproduce hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism

myasthenia gravis(MG)

a chronic autoimmune disease-causing weakness in the body’s voluntary muscles, which can affect eye movement, facial expression, swallowing, breathing and limb movement

pernicious anemia

an autoimmune condition where the body cannot absorb vitamin B12, which in needed to make red blood cells

Goodpasture’s syndrome

immune system mistakenly attacks the glomerular basement membrane in the kidneys and the alveolar basement membrane in the lungs

_______ are abundant in the rheumatoid synovium

Activated T‐cells

Approximately one‐third of the IL‐2 or IL‐ 4 activatable T‐cells are specific for the _________

HLA‐DR2 phenotype

HLA‐DR2 phenotype

a human leukocyte antigen(HLA) marker that is strongly associated with an increased risk for certain autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and narcolepsy

serum autoantibody

an antibody produced by the immune system that mistakenly targets the body's own tissues, found in a blood sample (serum)

Solid‐phase ELISA test

an immunological assay that detects specific proteins, antigens, or antibodies by immobilizing them onto a solid surface; increasingly in the form of microarrays, are used for the detection of antibodies

Immunofluorescent screening

a technique used in a lab to detect and visualize specific substances, such as proteins or antibodies, by using antibodies tagged with fluorescent markers that can be carried out on sections of normal tissue

Agglutination test

a laboratory test used to detect antigens or antibodies in a sample, for rheumatoid factors and multiplexed addressable laser bead assays are among other commonly employed diagnostic tests

__________ can predict future occurrence of
autoimmune disease in the close relatives of type 1 diabetics.

Autoantibody screening

When treating autoimmune disorders, therapy involves metabolic control and the use of_______

anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs