Food Security Exam #2

sustainable grazing

optimizing grazing through moderate intensity to increase plant productivity

chicken tractor

a moveable coop that allows farmers to control where chickens are grazing, foraging, and fertilizing

integrated farming system

combining all elements of agriculture to create a closed loop, self-sufficient farming system

rice-fish-duck culture

an integrated farming system that increases yields, decreases pests, and decreases reliance on synthetic fertilizers

homegarden agroforestry

growing trees, crops, and livestock in a single plot of land around a homestead as a source of income

homegarden agroforestry contributions to food security

direct food production
nutritional diversity
income generation
resilience

avoided forest, grassland, and wetland conservation contributions to food security

soil and water conservation
biodiversity conservation
local climate control
economic benefit
climate resilience/carbon stock

urban agriculture contributes ___% of global food supply

15-20%

___% of food produced is consumed in urban areas

80%

___% of the population will be living in urban areas by 2050

70%

3 urban agriculture systems

soil based
soilless
vertical and rooftop farming

urban agriculture challenges and risks

soil contamination
urban stress
resource trade offs
pest and pathogen dynamics

the problem in the ecuador case study

farmers lack training
limited access to large markets
worsening climate change
chronic malnutrition
lack of access to basic services
lack of gender equality
lack of focus on native crops

aim of the ecuador joint program

strengthen local food systems and provide better access safe and nutritious food

ecuador strategy for the native crops

increase production of quinoa and lupine for nutritional diversity
nutrition trainings for mothers and infants

soilless systems use ___% less water than traditional farming

60-90%

CSA (community supported agriculture)

consumers buy a share of a farm’s harvest in advance

farm to table

bypassing supply chains and buying directly from farms

market gardening

small scale commercial production

edible landscaping

use of food plants as design features in a landscape

where does fertilizer go

volatilization
leaching
runoff

4R principles of nutrient stewardship

right source
right rate
right time
right place

advantages of organic farming

environmental health
soil fertility
reduced chemical exposure
animal welfare
long term sustainability
product quality

disadvantages of organic farming

lower yields
higher costs
land use
shorter shelf life
transition period challenges

GMO pros

cheaper
may contain more nutrients
may have fewer pesticides
crop protection
increase crop yields

GMO cons

health concerns
environmental issues
lack of long term research

integrated pest management (IPM)

prevention
cultural/sanitation
physical/mechanical
biological
chemical

provisioning services

material benefits

regulating services

ecosystem processes

supporting services

habitat / living spaces

globally over ___ billion people lack safe drinking water

2.2

by 2030 water scarcity could displace over ___ million people

700

global water bankruptcy

over extraction and pollution have pushed some fresh water sources past the point of recovery

why is water security important

health
livelihood
productive economies
ecosystem
disaster risk reduction

food that requires the most water

meat and nuts

food that requires the least water

fruits and vegetables

blue water footprint

amount of surface water and ground water required to produce an item

green water footprint

amount of rainwater required to produce an item

grey water footprint

the amount of freshwater required to dilute water for pollution standards

xeriscape gardens

using native desert plants to reduce water consumption

desalination challenges

high costs
high energy consumption
environmental impact (brine disposal)
technical limitations
logistical limitations

pillars of food sovereignty

focuses on food for people
builds knowledge and skills
works with nature
values food providers
localizes food systems
puts control locally
food is sacred

green grabbing

land grabbing done with pretense of environmental purpose