Brain (help I am so tired of making quizlets bruh)

What are the 4 principal parts of the brain?

-Brain stem

-Diencephalon

-Cerebrum

-Cerebellum

What is the brain stem comprised of?

-Medulla oblongata

-Pons

-Midbrain

What is the diencephalon comprised of?

-Thalamus

-Hypothalamus

-Epithalamus (pineal gland)

-Subthalamus (mamillary bodies)

Another term for cerebrum

Telencephalon

Cerebellum + pons = ?

Metencephalon

What is the prosencephalon?

Cerebrum + diencephalon

What is the mesencephalon?

Mid brain

What is the rhombencephalon?

Cerebellum + pons + medulla oblongata

CSF functions

-Protection

-Provides support

-Transports nutrients to CNS tissue

-Transports waste away from CNS tissue

Choroid plexus

Ependymal cells with blood supply

-Produces and maintains CSF

-Transports nutrients, vitamins, and ions to CSF

-Removes wastes from CSF

Circulation of CSF

CSF from the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles -> interventricular foramen -> third ventricle -> aqueduct of the midbrain -> fourth ventricle -> lateral aperture and median aperture -> most into subarachnoid space, some into central canal of spinal cord -> around the brain and spinal cord, eventually enters circulation via arachnoid granulations

Blood supply to brain

Internal carotid arteries + basilar artery -> cerebral arterial circle

Brain stem: Medulla oblongata

-Relays info to the thalamus and brain stem

-Regulates heart rate, blood pressure, digestion

-Initiates breathing

-Continuation of spinal cord above foramen magnum

-Pyramidal decussation

-All communication between brain and spinal cord passes thru MO

Brain stem: Pons

-Relays info to the cerebellum and thalamus

-Regulates somatic and visceral motor centers

-Modulates the output of medulla oblongata (increasing the rate and depth of breathing

-Connects spinal cord to brain and links parts of the brain together

Brain stem: Midbrain/Mesencephalon

-Processes visual and auditory data (corpora quadrigemina)

-Maintains consciousnesses and alertness

-Involved with reflexive somatic motor response

-Cerebral peduncles

Parts of corpora quadrigemina

-Superior colliculus (visual reflex center)

-Inferior colliculus (auditory reflex center)

Diencephalon: Thalamus

-Relays info to the cerebrum

-Processes sensory info

-Thalamic nuclei joined by intermediate mass

-Main sensory switchboard that has motor synapses

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus

-Connected to pituitary gland via infundibulum

-Consists of mamillary body and numerous nuclei

-Homeostasis related functions, including:

-> Integration of ANS from visceral stimuli

-> Physical and functional connection between nervous and endocrine systems

-> Hormone production

-> Hunger, thirst, temp regulation

-> etc

Diencephalon: Epithalamus

-Contains pineal gland

-Melatonin production

-Regulates day-night cycles

Diencephalon: Subthalamus

Contains mammillary bodies (reflex centers associated with eating and smell)

Limbic system location

Located between the cerebrum and the diencephalon just superior to the corpus callosum

Limbic system functions

-Establishes emotional states

-Links conscious functions with the unconscious autonomic functions

-Facilitates memory storage and retrieval

The limbic system: the fornix

-Tract of white matter connecting the hippocampus with the hypothalamus

-Many of the fibers extend into the mamillary bodies

->Mamillary bodies control reflex movements associated with eating

What is included in the limbic system?

-Nuclei of the thalamus and hypothalamus

-Cingulate gyrus

-Dentate gyrus

-Parahippocampal gyrus

-Hippocampus

-Amygdala

What separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum?

Longitudinal fissure

Falx cerebri

-Fold of dura mater in longitudinal fissure

-Encloses superior sagittal sinus and inferior saggital sunus

What type of matter comprises the cerebral cortex?

Gray matter

What is the name of the raised "wrinkles" on the cerebrum?

Gyrus singular, gyri plural

Where is white matter found?

Deep to gray matter

What is white matter comprised of?

-Myelinated axons connecting areas

White matter of cerebrum: Association fibers

-Tracts that connect gyri within hemispheres (Acruate fibers and longitudinal fasciculi)

White matter of cerebrum: Commisural fibers

-Tracts that connect 2 hemispheres (anterior commissure and corpus callosum)

White matter of cerebrum: Projection fibers

-Tracts that connect the cerebrum with other parts of the brain and spinal cord

Lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

-Frontal lobe

-Parietal lobe

-Temporal lobe

-Occipital lobe

Frontal lobe separations

-Separated from parietal by CENTRAL sulcus

-Separated from temporal by LATERAL sulcus

Parietal lobe separations

-Separated from frontal by CENTRAL sulcus

-Separated from occipital by PARIETO-OCCIPITAL sulcus

Temporal lobe separations

-Separated from frontal by LATERAL sulcus

-Insula lies deep to lateral sulcus

Occipital lobe separations

-Separated from parietal by PARIETO-OCCIPITAL sulcus

Frontal lobe

-Conscious control of skeletal muscles

-Last lobe of brain to develop

Occipital lobe

-Perception of visual stimuli

Parietal lobe

-Conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temp, taste

Temporal lobe

-Conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli

Frontal lobe: Primary motor cortex

-Anterior to central sulcus

-Neurons direct voluntary movements by controlling somatic motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord

-Also known as precentral gyrus

Frontal lobe: Broca's area

-Motor speech center

-Motor center that regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization for speech

Frontal lobe: Prefrontal cortex

-Performs complicated learning and reasoning functions

-Understanding consequences of actions

-Emotional context and motivation

-Last brain region to fully develop

Wernicke's area

-Speech interpretation center

Parietal lobe: Primary sensory cortex

-Posterior to central sulcus

-Neurons receive somatic sensory info for touch, pressure, pain, taste, and temp

-Also called postcentral gyrus

Cerebellum functions

-Control of subconscious skeletal muscle movement necessary for balance, coordination and posture

What separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum?

-Transverse fissure

Tentorium cerebelli

-"Tent over the cerebellum"

-Fold of dura mater in transverse fissure

-Encloses transverse sinus

What separates the cerebellar hemispheres?

-Vermis

Lobes of the cerebellar hemispheres

-Anterior

-Posterior

-Flocculonodular

What is the name of the gray and white matter in the cerebellum?

-Gray matter = Folia

-White matter = Arbor vitae

-Folia surrounds arbor vitae

How does the cerebellum attach to the brainstem?

-Via cerebellar penduncles

What does the inferior cerebellar penduncle attach to?

-Medulla oblongata

What does the middle cerebellar penduncle attach to?

-Pons

What does the superior cerebellar penduncle attach to?

-Midbrain (mesencephalon), diencephalon, cerebrum

Ventricular system of the brain

-Ventricles 1 and 2 (called lateral ventricles) located in cerebral hemispheres, separated by septum pellucidum

-Ventricle 3 in the diencephalon

-Ventricle 4 between pons and cerebellum

What do the cerebrum consist of?

-Gyri (raised areas)

-Sulci (gaps)

-Central sulcus

-Longitudinal fissure

-Cerebral lobes

-Lateral fissure/sulcus

-Corpus callosum

-Basal nuclei

-Limbic system

Motor association area

-In front of the primary motor cortex

-Motor memories and patterns

Sensory association area

-Behind primary sensory cortex

-Sensory memories

High order functions

-Pons and above

-Cerebral cortex

-Conscious and unconscious info processing

What is the primitive brain

The medulla

Insula

-Lies deep to lateral sulcus

-Olfactory cortex and gustatory (taste) cortex

Hemispheric specialization

-Left hemisphere = speech center, writing, language, math (memorization)

-Right hemisphere = analysis by touch, spatial visualization (creativity)

Lateral ventricles

-Main portion in parietal lobes

-Anterior horns extending into frontal lobe

-Posterior horns extending into occipital lobe

-Inferior horn extending into temporal lobe

-Communicate with 3rd ventricle thru interventricular foramen

Third ventricle

-Communicates with 4th ventricle thru aqueduct in midbrain

Fourth ventricle

-Communicates with central canal of spinal cord

Protection of the brain

-Bones of skull

-Cranial meninges

-CSF

-Blood-brain barrier

Cranial meninges

-Dura mater (outermost)

-Arachnoid mater (middle)

-Pia mater (innermost)

2 layers of dura mater

1) Endosteal layer

-Outermost layer

-Fused to periosteum of cranial bones

2) Meningeal layer

-Innermost layer

What is in between the 2 layers of the dura mater?

-Superior sagittal sinus

-Inferior sagittal sinus

The meningeal layer of cranial dura mater forms folds called:

-Falx cerebri

-Tentorium cerebelli

-Falx cerebelli

-Diaphragma sellae

Arachnoid mater

-Consists of projections called arachnoid granulations (drain CSF from CNS)

-Weblike material underlying arachnoid layer (anchors cerebral blood vessels)

Pia mater

-Attached to surface of brain (follows sulci and gyri)

Basal nuclei

-Masses of gray matter embedded in white matter inferior to lateral ventricles... (Gray matter in the center of the brain)

Functions of basal nuclei

-SMOOTHS movements out... doesn't initiate

-Involvement in subconscious control and integration of skeletal muscle tone

-Involvement with coordination of learned movement patterns

-Involvement in processing, integration, and relay of info in cerebral cortex

Cerebral penduncles

-Have ascending fibers that synapse in the thalamus and descending fibers of the corticospinal pathway

Medulla oblongata contains the nuclei of which cranial nerves?

VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

Medulla oblongata major reflex centers

-Cardiovascular center (cardiac and vasomotor)

-Respiratory center (rhythmic breathing)

The pons contains the nuclei of which cranial nerves?

V, VI, VII, VIII

Nuclei in the pons that relay cerebellar commands consists of:

Cerebellar penduncles

Where do the arachnoid granulations exit out into?

The superior sagittal sinus

New visual pathway

Receptor -> thalamus -> primary visual cortex

-Conscious

Old visual pathway

Receptor -> superior colliculus

-Unconscious

Where does pyramidal decussation occur?

Medulla oblongata