Phonological processes + on exam

Cluster Reduction

1 or more elements of a consonant cluster deleted or substituted by another phoneme

Spring → Ting

Cluster Reduction example

Reduplication (total)

Repeating a syllable to make a mutli-syllabic word

Water → wawa

Reduplication (total) example

Reduplication (partial)

Repeating a part a syllable to make a mutli-syllabic word (less common)

Bottle → bada

Reduplication (partial) example

Weak syllable deletion

deletion of 1 or more syllables from a multi-syllabic word

Banana → nana

Weak syllable deletion exmaple

Final Consonant Deletion

when the final consonant of a word is deleted (common)

Dog → Do

Final Consonant Deletion example

Epenthesis

Addition of a sound segment somewhere in a word (typically & unstressed vowel)

Blue → b-uh-lue

Epenthesis example

Fronting

Substituting a velar sound ( k, g, ŋ, ) with an alveolar ( t, d, s, z, n, l)

Key → Ti

Ring → Rin

Fronting example

Backing

Substituting a front sound (usually stop) with a back sound

Tan → Kan

Sip → Ship

Backing example

Stopping

Stop (p, b, t, d k, g, ʔ) sound used in place of a fricative ( f, v, ð, θ, s, z, ʒ, h, ʃ ) or affricate (ʈʃ, dʒ)

Sun → Tun

zoo → poo

Stopping Example

Deafrication 

Subsitution of a same place affricate (ʈʃ, dʒ) with a fricative ( f, v, ð, θ, s, z, ʒ, ʃ, h )

Cheese → Sheese

Juice → shuce

Deafrication  Example

Affrication 

Substitution of a same place fricative ( f, v, ð, θ, s, z, ʒ, ʃ, h ) with an affricate (ʈʃ, dʒ)

Shoe → Chu

Affrication example

Depalatalization

Palatal sound ( j, r, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ ) replaced by an alveolar sound (t, d, s, z, n, l)

Fish → Fis or Fit

Matched → matiz

Depalatalization example

Gliding

Substituting liquids (l, r) with glides (w, j) (& rarely fricatives)

Red → wed

(RARE) Shoe → you

Gliding Example

Vowelization 

When syllabic liquids (l, r) & syllabic nasals (m, n, ŋ) are substituted with a vowel

table → tabo

paper → papo

Vowelization  example

Labial Assimilation 

When a non-labial consonant becomes labial in the presence of another labial consonant

Table → Bable ( regressive beg con influenced the one behind it) (t by b)

Pit → pip ( progressive last con influenced the one in front) (t influ by p)

Labial Assimilation  example

Velar Assimilation ( k, g, ŋ)

When a non velar consonant becomes more like a velar consonant in the presence of another velar consonant (atypical)

dog → gag (regressive g influenced d)

cup → kuk (progressive k influenced p)

Velar Assimilation example

Nasal Assimilation (m, n, n)

Non-nasal consonant becomes a nasal consonant in the presence of another nasal consonant

Bunny → munny

nose → noone

Nasal Assimilation example

Voicing (prevocalic)

A voiceless sound preceding a vowel becomes voiced.

comb → gome (k → g)

ten → den (t→ d)

Voicing (prevocalic)

Voicing (Postvocalic)

A voiced sound following a vowel becomes voiceless

pig → pik (g → k)

Voicing (Postvocalic) example

Final consonant devoicing

nose → nos (z → s)

dog → dak (g → k)

Early devloping sounds

p, b, t, d, h, w, m, n,

Middle devloping sounds

ŋ, j, k, g, s, z , f, v

Late sounds

ð, θ , ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, l, r

Severity PCC

#CC/ #correct + incorrect x 100

Mild severity

Words stay intact in terms of syllables & syllable shape

Moderate severity

fewer sounds (phonological errors) & syllable shape intact

Severe severity

omissions & subsititions & breakdown of syllable structure

Phonetic inventory

List of speech sounds a person can produce

ex → if child says “pan” for fan /pl/ is in their phonetic inventory

Phonemic Inventory

List of speech sounds a person can produce to convey meaning

ex → if child says says “pan” for fan, /p/ is NOT in their phonemic inventory

Omission (error type)

Specfic speech sound is omitted (deleted)

ex : dog → da

Substitution (error type)

a standard speech sound is substituted for another standard speech sound

ex: red → wed

Distortion (error type)

a non-standard speech sound is substituted for a standard speech sound

ex → /s/ a a lisp