lecture 4 - more macromolecules

proteins are the most ________ of the macromolecules

diverse

enzymes catalyze reactions, ending -_____ hints at an enzyme

ase

catalyze: _____ up chemical reactions

speed

proteins can be _________ (unfolded) → when it is denatured, it is nonfunctional

1. temperature (____ bonds)

2. pH (alter amino acid ____)

denatured, break, charges

what are polypeptides? polymers of _______ acids (the building blocks/monomers)

amino

the alpha carbon in a polypeptide is an ________ carbon (unless the R is hydrogen, glycine)

R= functional ______ chain

asymmetric, side

amino acids join by __________, making a dipeptide with a _______ bond

dehydration, peptide

adding more amino acids means that amino acids have DIRECTIONALITY (n-terminus c-terminus) yay or nay

yay

polypeptides have complex structures, do not stay linear and undergo _________ into a specific shape

folding

example of a polypeptide is a lysozyme (an enzyme), catalyzes _________ of peptidoglycan

breakdown

proteins have multiple ‘levels’ of structure, primary, ________, tertiary, quaternary (multiple polypeptides)

secondary

what is the primary structure of proteins? _______ acid sequence, makeup and order of the amino acids in a ________, brought together by peptide bonds

amino, polypeptide

in a protein, what is a secondary structure? the regular, repeated folding _______ of the protein backbone. can be beta pleated sheet of alpha helix. _________ bonds can form btw different regions of the polypeptide backbone, causing a helix, a sheet, or random coils

pattern, hydrogen

what is the protein teritary structure? _________ between the different (R) side chains. interactions and folding among different portions of secondary structure that form the _________ of a protein. can be _______ bonds, hydro_______ interactions/van der waals interactions, ionic bonds, disulfide brdiges

interactions, shape, hydrogen, hydrophobic

what is the protein quaternary structure? bonding among different poly________

polypeptides

what are nucleic acids? __________ storage and _______ expression

information, gene

the nucleic acid building block (nucleotide) is made of ___ parts. phosphate, ribose, and nitrogenous base

3

the nucleic acid building block/nucleotide is joined with _________ reactions

dehydration

nucleoside (the ribose and nitrogenous base) is missing a SIDE, the ________ group

phosphate

polynucleotide strands can _______ together

pair

DNA the nucleic acid is ______ stranded, sugar is deoxyribose → DNA, the nitrogenous bases are adenine, ________, cytosine, and _________

double, thymine, guanine

RNA is _______ stranded, the sugar is ribose, the nitrogenous bases are adenine, ________, cytosine, and guanine

single, uracil

the nitrogenous bases have a specific pairing:
A - ___ (__)
G - ____

T, U, C

pyrimidines are adenine and guanine, think pyramids, which are triangle, with sharp edges, so think it can CUT, C_______, T______, U_______.

cytosine, thymine, uracil,

pyrimidines are also ONE triangle, so they have ONE _______(a and g)

ring

pure As Gold, purines are adenine and guanine, made up of ______ rings

two

RNA usually has one more _____ in the sugar

OH