________: Based on the totality of the circumstances the decisions made about the amount of force used had to be the same amount of force a reasonable officer in the same position would use.
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Brutality
________: When officers express a malicious intent to harm.
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Mediation
________: A program that encourages settlements outside the traditional enforcement process.
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Early Warning System (EWS)
: This allows the department to keep track of all complaints against officers, the outcome of the complaints, and repetitive behavior patterns that are potentially problematic.
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Legitimate
________: The minimum amount of force needed to control a situation.
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Graham v Connor
________: The court decided that the actions have to match what a reasonable officer would do during the crime without knowing what the future would hold.
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Commission
________: A group of individuals that investigate misconduct.
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Procedural Justice
________: People are more likely to accept the outcome as fair if they believe the trial and procedures taken to get there were fair.
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Third Degrees
________: A technique used in the 1900s that allowed officers to inflict pain on suspects to get a confession.
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Police Corruption
________: This is the misuse of an officers authority.
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Precipitating Incident for Kerner Commission
________: Riots of the 1960s and minority communities complaining about officers abusing their power.
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Deadly Force
Using force may result in death or serious injury.
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Ombudsman
________: This person reviews all complaints against public servants.
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Lethal Force
________: These require "absolute and immediate tactics "this means an officer has to use their firearm.
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Conducted Energy Devices
________: These are devices that produce a shock that temporarily stops muscle function and inflicts pain.
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Wickersham Commission
The first commission to analyze police conduct was ________ in the 1930s.
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Meat Eaters
________: People who demand bribes in exchange for protection from a person whom they are seeking a favor,
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Active Resistance
________ (Level III): Use of come- along holds, chemical sprays, or pressure points.
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Scott v Harris
________: The court ruled that an officer can hit the car or shoot at the fleeing individual during a high- speed pursuit if they put other innocent bystanders at risk.
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Grass Eaters
________: Officers who accept gifts /favors but do not seek out such activities.
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Force Continuum
________: This is a guide that officers can use to determine the level of reaction and force they need to use.
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Precipitating Incident for Wickersham Commission
________: Prohibition, increasing crime rate, need to reevaluate juvenile justice and adult justice process.
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Legitimate
The minimum amount of force needed to control a situation
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Conducted Energy Devices
These are devices that produce a shock that temporarily stops muscle function and inflicts pain
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Force Continuum
This is a guide that officers can use to determine the level of reaction and force they need to use
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Complaint (Level I)
Communication or verbal commands
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Passive Resistance (Level II)
Low-level physical tactics
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Active Resistance (Level III)
Use of come-along holds, chemical sprays, or pressure points
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Assaultive with the potential for bodily harm (Level IV)
Defensive tactics such as using a baton
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Assaultive with the potential for serious bodily harm or death (Level V)
Deadly Force
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Less-Than-Lethal Force
When an officer uses their baton or hands to defend
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Lethal Force
These require "absolute and immediate tactics" this means an officer has to use their firearm
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Graham v. Connor
The court decided that the actions have to match what a reasonable officer would do during the crime without knowing what the future would hold
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Objective Reasonableness
Based on the totality of the circumstances the decisions made about the amount of force used had to be the same amount of force a reasonable officer in the same position would use
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Excessive Force
When officers use more than the required/legitimate force
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Brutality
When officers express a malicious intent to harm
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Us versus them attitude
An attitude that separates officers and the community and that can decrease productivity between them both
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Deadly Force
Using force that may result in death or serious injury
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Fleeing Felon Rule
If a felon is seen fleeing the scene of their crime then an officer is allowed to shoot them
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Pursuits
When an officer tries to stop a suspect but the suspect flees resulting in a chase
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County of Sacramento v. Lewis
The court decided that high-speed pursuits are legal and do not violate the due process clause of the fourth amendment as long as it does not end in death
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Scott v. Harris
The court ruled that an officer can hit the car or shoot at the fleeing individual during a high-speed pursuit if they put other innocent bystanders at risk
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Police Corruption
This is the misuse of an officers authority
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Grass Eaters
Officers who accept gifts/favors but do not seek out such activities
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Meat Eaters
People who demand bribes in exchange for protection from a person whom they are seeking a favor,
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Commission
A group of individuals that investigate misconduct
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Third Degrees
A technique used in the 1900s that allowed officers to inflict pain on suspects to get a confession
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Underlying Problem for Wickersham Commission
Increasing crime rates but more specifically organized crime and agents need to be reevaluated
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Recommendations for Wickersham Commission
Establish a complaints system and bring awareness to problems between the police and minority communities
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Precipitating Incident for Kerner Commission
Riots of the 1960s and minority communities complaining about officers abusing their power
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Underlying Problem for Kerner Commission
Police misconduct, lack of accountability, and no oversight of police procedures
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Recommendations for Kerner Commission
Better recruitment and training standards, accountability to the community, and establishing mechanics for registering complaints
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Internal affairs bureaus (IABs)
This is where citizens can register complaints
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Exonerated
When the complaint was not proven true
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Democratic Accountability
Accountability to the community, over a group of individuals with the power to use coercive force
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Hierarchical Accountability
Accountability to those structurally higher within the department
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Procedural Justice
People are more likely to accept the outcome as fair if they believe the trial and procedures taken to get there were fair
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Ombudsman
This person reviews all complaints against public servants
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Substantiated Complaints
These are complaints against officers that turned out to be true
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Early Warning System (EWS)
This allows the department to keep track of all complaints against officers, the outcome of the complaints, and repetitive behavior patterns that are potentially problematic
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Mediation
A program that encourages settlements outside the traditional enforcement process
Studied by 6 people
