Unit 5.4 - Selection of Categories of Psychological Disorders - AP Psychology

Anxiety Disorders

Marked by persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Extreme fear and avoidance of social settings.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Constant tension and worry without apparent reason.

Panic Disorder

A persistent concern of having more panic attacks, causing the person to change their behavior & avoid situations where a panic attack can occur

Agoraphobia

Intense fear of public spaces, social situations, enclosed spaces, being in a crowd, or being away from home

Ataque de nervois

A culturally bound syndrome primarily obersved in Latino cultures (espcially in the Carribean) which is often triggered by traumatic or stressful events. Different from regular panic attacks in that it is a culturally specific respinse ot stress.

Symptoms:

• Uncontrollable screaming or crying

• Trembling or shaking

• Verbal or physical aggression

Phobia

Persistent, irrational fear of specific objects or situations.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Unwanted repetitive thoughts and actions.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Haunting memories and anxiety after traumatic experiences.

Major Depressive Disorder

Depression lasting two weeks with specific symptoms.

Melancholic MDD

Loss of please in all activities, even those that used to bring extreme joy. Little energy

Atypical MDD

Perspective interpersonal rejection. Will look for attention in ways destructive to self

Catatonic MDD

Most severe form of depression. Person isolated self, goes mute, will not get out of bed

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A chronic form of depression. Involved a continuous, long-term (at least two years) low mood

• Other symptoms can include fatigue, feeling of hopelessness, low self-esteem, poor appetite or overeating, difficulty concentrating & trouble sleeping

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Feeling of depression cause by the environment of elements beyond the person’s control during the winter months due to lack of sunlight

Anhedonia

Loss of interest or pleasure in activities.

Bipolar Disorder

Alternating between depression and manic episodes.

Schizophrenia

Characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thoughts.

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

• A symptom of schizophrenia that represents an excess of distortion of normal function. Symptoms that a schizophrenic shows that the general population does not

  • Symptoms:

    • Delusions

    • Hallucinations

    • Disorganized thinking or speech

    • Disorganized motor behavior

    • Catatonic excitement

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

• Present as lack of typical behavior, such as lack of emotional expressions or lack of movement

  • Symptoms include:

    • Flat affect

    • Avolition

Acute Schizophrenia

• Periods when symptoms are severe and intense

• During an acute phase, schizoprenia symptoms are more pronounced. Episodes can be very distressing, disruptive, and more severe

Chronic Schizoprenia

• This describes the long-term nature of the disorder. Schizoprenia is generally a lifelong disorder, but the severity of symptoms can fluctuate over time.

• Individuals may have periods of relative stability with fewer symptoms, interspered with acute episodes

Dissociative Disorders

Separation of consciousness from memories or feelings.

Dissociative Amnesia

Sudden loss of memory or identity change.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Presence of two or more distinct personalities.

Personality Disorders

Inflexible behavior patterns impairing social functioning.

Cluster A Disorders

Odd or eccentric behavior patterns.

Cluster B Disorders

Dramatic or erratic behavior patterns.

Cluster C Disorders

Anxious or fearful behavior patterns.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Extreme shyness and sensitivity to rejection.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Instability in relationships and self-image.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Avoidance of social activities and lack of emotion.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Unwarranted sense of self-importance and lack of empathy.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Lack of empathy and disregard for laws.

Anorexia Nervosa

Starvation diet despite being underweight.

Bulimia Nervosa

Binge eating followed by purging behaviors.

catatonia

a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Developmental condition that affects how people communicate, interact, and behave

• Symptoms:

  • Communication & interaction difficulties

  • Repetitive behaviors

  • Restricted interests

  • Varied symptoms

Personality Disorders in Cluster A

• Paranoid PD

• Schizoid PD

• Schizotypal PD

Personality Disorders in Cluster B

• Antisocial PD

• Borderline PD

• Histrionic PD

• Narcisisstic PD

Personality Disorders in Cluster C

• Avoidant PD

• Dependent PD

• Obsessive-Compulsive PD

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder

• Chronis preocupation with orderliness, control, and perfection

• Excessive focus on rules, schedules, and order

• Overly devoted to work and tasks

• Stubborn and want things done their way

Depending Personality Disorder

• Excessive dependence of others and feeling the need to be taken care of

• Submissive and clingy towards others

• Fear of having to produce self-care or fend for yourself if left alone

• Lack of self confidence, requiring excessive reassurance from others to make even small decisions

Panic attack

• Sudden episodes of intense fear that trigger severe physical reactions where there is no real danger or apparent cause. Body’s fight or flight kicks in when it shouldn’t

Taijin kyofusho

A culturally bound anxiety disorder experienced mainly in Japanese people in which people fear others are judging their bodies as undesirable, offensive, or unpleasing. Cultural component of “perfection” is involved.

Acrophobia

Fear of heights

Arachnophobia

Fear of spiders