RNA Synthesis and Transcription

These flashcards provide definitions of key terms and concepts associated with RNA synthesis and transcription, aiding in the understanding and retention of the topics for the exam.

Transcription

The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.

RNA Polymerase

An enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

Promoter

A DNA sequence that initiates transcription of a particular gene.

Sigma Factor

A protein that aids in the initiation of transcription in prokaryotes by facilitating the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter.

Basal Transcription Factors

Proteins necessary for the initiation of transcription at the core promoter.

Transcription Bubble

A localized unwinding of the DNA double helix that allows for RNA synthesis.

Termination

The stage in transcription where RNA synthesis is completed and the RNA molecule is released.

Capping

The process of adding a modified guanine nucleotide to the 5' end of mRNA after transcription.

Polyadenylation

The addition of a poly(A) tail to the 3' end of mRNA for stability and regulation.

Splicing

The process of removing introns and joining exons in pre-mRNA to produce mature mRNA.

snRNA

Small nuclear RNA, essential components of the spliceosome that facilitate RNA splicing.

mRNA

Messenger RNA, a type of RNA that encodes protein information from genes.

Eukaryotic Transcription

The process by which RNA is synthesized from DNA in eukaryotic cells, involving multiple RNA polymerases and complex regulatory mechanisms.

Introns

Non-coding segments of RNA that are removed during RNA processing.

Exons

Coding sequences that remain in the RNA after splicing and are expressed in the final mRNA.

Ribozyme

An RNA molecule that can catalyze biochemical reactions, including splicing.

Holoenzyme

The active form of RNA polymerase, consisting of the core enzyme plus additional factors like the sigma factor.