The Roaring 20s

Return to Normalcy

A campaign slogan used by Warren G. Harding during the 1920 presidential election, emphasizing a desire to return to a pre-World War I state of normalcy, stability, and non-intervention.

Laissez-faire

An economic philosophy advocating minimal government interference in the economy, allowing market forces to operate freely.

Prohibition

The legal ban on the production, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States, enforced by the 18th Amendment.

Speakeasies

Illicit bars or clubs that operated during the Prohibition era, serving alcoholic beverages in violation of the law.

18th Amendment

The constitutional amendment that implemented Prohibition in the United States, ratified in 1919 and effective from 1920 to 1933.

21st Amendment

The constitutional amendment that repealed the 18th Amendment, ending Prohibition in 1933.

19th Amendment

The constitutional amendment that granted women the right to vote, ratified in 1920.

Bootleggers

Individuals who illegally produced, smuggled, or sold alcoholic beverages during the Prohibition era.

Rum Runners

Individuals or vessels involved in the illegal transportation of alcoholic beverages, often across borders or through waterways.

Moonshine

Illegally produced and often high-proof distilled alcohol, typically made in small quantities for personal consumption.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A political scandal in the 1920s involving the secret leasing of federal oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, by the Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall.

Consumerism

A social and economic ideology that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts.

Flappers

Young women in the 1920s who challenged societal norms through their dress, behavior, and attitude, symbolizing a more liberated lifestyle.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural, social, and artistic movement that took place in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s, showcasing African American achievements in literature, music, and art.

Jazz Age

A term used to describe the cultural and social developments during the 1920s, particularly the popularity of jazz music.

Great Migration

The movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North during the early to mid-20th century.

Model T

The first mass-produced automobile manufactured by the Ford Motor Company, making cars affordable and accessible to the general public.

Assembly Lines

A manufacturing process where products are assembled in a sequential and repetitive manner, often using conveyor belts and standardized parts.

Black Tuesday

The stock market crash that occurred on October 29, 1929, marking the beginning of the Great Depression.

Buying Stocks on Margin/Speculation

Purchasing stocks with borrowed money, allowing investors to control larger amounts of stock with a smaller upfront investment.

Installment Buying

A purchasing method where a consumer pays for a product over time through a series of scheduled payments.

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns or makeshift communities of homeless people during the Great Depression, named after President Herbert Hoover.

Impact of the 18th (Prohibition) and 21st (Repeal) Amendments:

Prohibition led to the illegal production and distribution of alcohol, the rise of speakeasies, and increased organized crime. Repeal of Prohibition brought an end to the illegal alcohol trade, restored legal drinking, and contributed to economic recovery.

Impact of World War I on the U.S

The U.S. experienced an economic boom due to wartime production and demand. Post-war efforts to return to a pre-war state led to the "Return to Normalcy" campaign. The war influenced cultural shifts, including the emergence of the Roaring Twenties.

Political and Economic Policies of Conservative Republican Presidents (1920s):

Harding (1921-1923): Emphasized a return to normalcy, advocated for business interests.

Calvin Coolidge: Continued pro-business policies, favored limited government intervention.

Herbert Hoover: Initially supported traditional economic policies, later faced challenges with the Great Depression.

Impact of the 1920s on the Role of American Women:

Women gained the right to vote with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

The emergence of flappers challenged traditional gender roles.

Increased opportunities in education and the workplace, although progress was uneven.

Economic and Social Impact of Marketing and Advertising in the 1920s:

Consumer Culture: Advertising fueled consumerism, encouraging the purchase of new products.

Brand Recognition: Companies invested in creating recognizable brands.

Mass Media: Radio and print media played a crucial role in advertising.

Fads and Fashions of the Roaring '20s:

Flappers: Young women challenging traditional norms in dress and behavior.

Jazz Music: The Jazz Age brought new music and dance styles.

Art Deco Style: Influenced architecture and design.

Automobile Culture: The popularity of cars transformed transportation and lifestyle.

African American Migration North in the 1920s:

Great Migration: Escaping racial segregation, seeking better economic opportunities in northern cities.

Major Contributors to the Harlem Renaissance:

Langston Hughes: A prominent poet and writer.

Zora Neale Hurston: Noted for her contributions to African American literature.

Duke Ellington: Influential jazz composer and bandleader.

Groups Not Prospering in the 1920s and Banking/Stock Market:

Farmers: Struggled due to overproduction and falling crop prices.

African Americans: Faced racial discrimination and economic challenges.

Banks and Stock Market: Speculative practices, buying on margin, and uneven wealth distribution contributed to economic instability.

Stock Market Decline in 1929 and Black Tuesday:

Cause: Over-speculation, buying on margin, and economic imbalances led to a market bubble.

Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929): Stock market crash, marking the beginning of the Great Depression.

Public Reaction to Herbert Hoover's Actions at the Start of the Depression:

Initially, Hoover pursued traditional economic approaches.

Public discontent grew as the Depression deepened.

Hoover's perceived inaction and inability to address the crisis led to criticism.