The Roaring 20s

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Return to Normalcy:
- Definition: A campaign slogan used by Warren G. Harding during the 1920 presidential election, emphasizing a desire to return to a pre-World War I state of normalcy, stability, and non-intervention.
Laissez-faire:
- Definition: An economic philosophy advocating minimal government interference in the economy, allowing market forces to operate freely.
Prohibition:
- Definition: The legal ban on the production, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States, enforced by the 18th Amendment.
Speakeasies:
- Definition: Illicit bars or clubs that operated during the Prohibition era, serving alcoholic beverages in violation of the law.
18th Amendment:
- Definition: The constitutional amendment that implemented Prohibition in the United States, ratified in 1919 and effective from 1920 to 1933.
21st Amendment:
- Definition: The constitutional amendment that repealed the 18th Amendment, ending Prohibition in 1933.
19th Amendment:
- Definition: The constitutional amendment that granted women the right to vote, ratified in 1920.
Bootleggers:
- Definition: Individuals who illegally produced, smuggled, or sold alcoholic beverages during the Prohibition era.
Rum Runners:
- Definition: Individuals or vessels involved in the illegal transportation of alcoholic beverages, often across borders or through waterways.
Moonshine:
- Definition: Illegally produced and often high-proof distilled alcohol, typically made in small quantities for personal consumption.
Teapot Dome Scandal:
- Definition: A political scandal in the 1920s involving the secret leasing of federal oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, by the Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall.
Consumerism:
- Definition: A social and economic ideology that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts.
Flappers:
- Definition: Young women in the 1920s who challenged societal norms through their dress, behavior, and attitude, symbolizing a more liberated lifestyle.
Harlem Renaissance:
- Definition: A cultural, social, and artistic movement that took place in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s, showcasing African American achievements in literature, music, and art.
Jazz Age:
- Definition: A term used to describe the cultural and social developments during the 1920s, particularly the popularity of jazz music.
Great Migration:
- Definition: The movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North during the early to mid-20th century.
Model T:
- Definition: The first mass-produced automobile manufactured by the Ford Motor Company, making cars affordable and accessible to the general public.
Assembly Lines:
- Definition: A manufacturing process where products are assembled in a sequential and repetitive manner, often using conveyor belts and standardized parts.
Black Tuesday:
- Definition: The stock market crash that occurred on October 29, 1929, marking the beginning of the Great Depression.
Buying Stocks on Margin/Speculation:
- Definition: Purchasing stocks with borrowed money, allowing investors to control larger amounts of stock with a smaller upfront investment.
Installment Buying:
- Definition: A purchasing method where a consumer pays for a product over time through a series of scheduled payments.
Hoovervilles:
- Definition: Shantytowns or makeshift communities of homeless people during the Great Depression, named after President Herbert Hoover.

Impact of the 18th and 21st Amendments:
- 18th Amendment (1919): Prohibition led to the illegal production and distribution of alcohol, the rise of speakeasies, and increased organized crime.
- 21st Amendment (1933): Repeal of Prohibition brought an end to the illegal alcohol trade, restored legal drinking, and contributed to economic recovery.
Impact of World War I on the U.S. in the 1920s:
- World War I (1914-1918) had a significant impact on the U.S. in the 1920s:
  - Economic Boom: The U.S. experienced an economic boom due to wartime production and demand.
  - Return to Normalcy: Post-war efforts to return to a pre-war state led to the "Return to Normalcy" campaign.
  - Cultural Changes: The war influenced cultural shifts, including the emergence of the Roaring Twenties.
Political and Economic Policies of Conservative Republican Presidents (1920s):
- Warren G. Harding (1921-1923): Emphasized a return to normalcy, advocated for business interests.
- Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929): Continued pro-business policies, favored limited government intervention.
- Herbert Hoover (1929-1933): Initially supported traditional economic policies, later faced challenges with the Great Depression.
Impact of the 1920s on the Role of American Women:
- Women gained the right to vote with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.
- The emergence of flappers challenged traditional gender roles.
- Increased opportunities in education and the workplace, although progress was uneven.
Economic and Social Impact of Marketing and Advertising in the 1920s:
- Consumer Culture: Advertising fueled consumerism, encouraging the purchase of new products.
- Brand Recognition: Companies invested in creating recognizable brands.
- Mass Media: Radio and print media played a crucial role in advertising.
Fads and Fashions of the Roaring '20s:
- Flappers: Young women challenging traditional norms in dress and behavior.
- Jazz Music: The Jazz Age brought new music and dance styles.
- Art Deco Style: Influenced architecture and design.
- Automobile Culture: The popularity of cars transformed transportation and lifestyle.
African American Migration North in the 1920s:
- Great Migration: Escaping racial segregation, seeking better economic opportunities in northern cities.
Major Contributors to the Harlem Renaissance:
- Langston Hughes: A prominent poet and writer.
- Zora Neale Hurston: Noted for her contributions to African American literature.
- Duke Ellington: Influential jazz composer and bandleader.
Groups Not Prospering in the 1920s and Banking/Stock Market:
- Farmers: Struggled due to overproduction and falling crop prices.
- African Americans: Faced racial discrimination and economic challenges.
- Banks and Stock Market: Speculative practices, buying on margin, and uneven wealth distribution contributed to economic instability.
Stock Market Decline in 1929 and Black Tuesday:
- Cause: Over-speculation, buying on margin, and economic imbalances led to a market bubble.
- Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929): Stock market crash, marking the beginning of the Great Depression.
Public Reaction to Herbert Hoover's Actions at the Start of the Depression:
- Initially, Hoover pursued traditional economic approaches.
- Public discontent grew as the Depression deepened.
- Hoover's perceived inaction and inability to address the crisis led to criticism.