Chapter 32 & 33 - American Pageant 17th Edition

What was the London Economic Conference?

In 1933, 66 nations sent delegates conversated here to discuss a response to the global depression. They wanted to stabilize currencies and the rates at which they could be exchanged.

What was Roosevelt’s views on the London Economic Conference? What were some effects?

President Roosevelt opposed the conference because he felt he could fix America on his own. Without US support, the Conference fell apart and strengthened US nationalism.

What was the Tydings-McDuffie Act?

In 1934, this established a path for the Philippines to become independent by 1946. This was done because the US did not want to have to support the Philippines if Japan attacked it.

(remember Japan was huge into imperialism around this time)

What was the Good Neighbor Policy?

America would not intervene or interfere with Latin American countries. All marines left Haiti in 1934. America also released some control over Cuba and Panama.

What was the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act?

In 1934, this act allowed the President to lower tariffs with a country if that country also lowered their tariffs.

What was totalitarianism?

A political system and form of government that seeks to control all aspects of its citizens' lives.

What were some examples of totalitarianism during the 20s and 30s?

Joseph Stalin took control of the Communist USSR and killed hundreds of thousands of political opponents. Benito Mussolini took control of Italy in 1922. Adolf Hitler took control of Germany in 1933.

What was the Rome-Berlin Axis?

A military alliance between Italy and Germany in 1936.

What was the Johnson Debt Default Act?

In 1936, this prevented other nations from negotiating loans from the U.S. until they had paid their debts from World War I

What were the Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937?

Acts passed by Congress to keep America out of war. The acts would cut nearly all ties with any country in war if the President proclaimed there was a foreign war.

What was The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939?

It started when Spanish rebels, overthrew a left-winged government in Madrid and were aided by Mussolini and Hitler. This war was a "dress rehearsal" for World War II because it involved many of the same countries.

What was the Abraham Lincoln Brigade?

A small group of American volunteers that fought for the Loyalists during the Spanish Civil War (loyalists lost).

What was the Quarantine Speech?

In 1937, FDR proposed economic embargos against the aggressive dictators. The public opposed this, so FDR did not follow through with his plan.

What was done to try and stop Hitler from invading more parts of Europe?

A conference in Munich was set up, saying that Germany could keep part of Czechoslovakia. Germany did not and instead took control of all of it.

What was the Hitler-Stalin Pact?

In 1939, this nonaggression treaty with Hitler and the Soviet Union stated that Germany could declare war on other European countries without the Soviet Union stopping them.

How did WW2 start?

When Germany declared war on Poland and Britain and France declared war on Germany following this.

What was the Neutrality Act of 1939?

Passed when Britain and France needed war materials. This act let the European democracies buy American war materials as long as they transported the goods on their own ships and paid in cash (allowed US to stay out of war debts)

NOTE: Past neutrality acts prohibited trade, so this was passed.

What did the Neutrality Act of 1939 achieve for the US?

An end for the high unemployment.

What happened regarding the US after France surrendered to Germany?

Americans realized that England was all that was left for Hitler. This caused the US to build large airfleets and a two-ocean navy.

What was the Havana Conference of 1940?

A conference where the United States agreed to protect Latin America from German aggression (extension of the Monroe Doctrine).

What was the War Refugee Board"?

Created by FDR after learning of Nazi genocide, it was created to help victims of the Nazis and other Axis powers.

How many Jews were killed in the Holocaust?

6 million

What was the Battle for Britain?

After France fell to Germany, Hitler launched air attacks against Britain in 1940. During the battle, radio broadcasts from London directly into American homes and sympathy for Britain grew (public support for war grew).

What was the America First Committee?

A political pressure group that opposed American involvement in World War II. Its supporters stated that America should concentrate on defending its own shores.

Who were the main candidates for the election of 1840?

Republicans - Wendell Willkie (not FDR because they thought he was more of a dictator)

Republican - FDR (won for a third term) because people thought he was best to aid us through war.

What was the Lend-Lease Bill?

In 1941, this allowed the United States to lend or lease war supplies to any nation that was considered vital to the defense of the United States. When the War concluded, the guns and tanks could be returned.

What did Hitler do regarding the Lend-Lease Bill?

Hitler viewed the Bill as an unofficial declaration of war. So in 1941, the Robin Moor (unarmed American ship), was destroyed by a German submarine in the South Atlantic, outside the war zone.

Besides Pearl Harbor what were the two events that marked the course of WW2?

The fall of France in June 1940 and Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941.

What was the Eight-point Atlantic Charter?

In 1941, Roosevelt and Winston Churchill (prime minister of Britain) created this which discussed the goals of the war like promising that there would be no territorial changes and people have the right to their own government.

What did Congress do regarding Germany constantly sinking American vessels?

They voted in November 1941 to repeal the Neutrality Act of 1939, enabling merchant ships to be legally armed and enter combat zones with war supplies for Britain.

What happened in Pearl Harbor?

On "Black Sunday" December 7, 1941, Japanese bombers attacked Pearl Harbor, killing thousands. Most battleships were damaged. This caused America do declare war on Japan and Italy and Germany to declare war on America. (putting them into WW2)

What was a big effect of Pearl Harbor for Americans?

It united Americans in their desire to go to war. They did not want Britain to fall to Germany, and they wanted to stop Japan from expanding.

What was the ABC-1 Agreement?

Prior to the bombing at Pearl Harbor, this stated that if the U.S. entered the war, then it would focus its efforts first on Germany, then Japan (because of Pearl Harbor)

What was Executive Order No. 9066?

When 110,000 Japanese-American on the Pacific Coast were forced into concentration camps after Pearl Harbor. This was because many feared they were saboteurs for Japan.

What was Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)?

When the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the concentration camps.

What was the War Production Board (WPB)?

It oversaw U.S. war production which ended the Great Depression by providing tons of jobs to create massive amounts of weaponry.

What was The Office of Price Administration (OPA)?

It place a ceiling on prices of most goods to prevent consumer inflation due to the scarcity of consumer goods and to limit consumption by rationing. By doing this, inflation was prices went down.

What was the War Labor Board?

A government agency that settled labor disputes and maintained economic production during WW2 by putting wage ceilings

This caused some laborers to go on strike which ended up making the government pass the Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

What was the Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act?

It authorized the federal government to operate industries that were under strike, like coal mines and railroads.

What were braceros and why were they used?

They were Mexican agricultural workers. These people were brought to America because of so many people leaving during the draft, leading farms and factories short of personnel.

What were WACs, WAVES, and SPARs?

Woman that served in WWII. WACs included woman in the army, WAVES included woman in the emergency service, and SPARs included woman in the coast guard.

What was the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)?

Because of workers shortages, many blacks moved to the North to work and racial tensions rose. In response to demands for equal opportunities for blacks, FDR created this to monitor compliance and forbade discrimination in industries.

What were the effects of the Mechanical Cotton Picker?

It made the Cotton South's need for cheap labor disappear, causing millions of blacks to move north.

How were Native Americans used in WW2?

They were used as “code talkers” where they transmitted radio messages in their native languages (incomprehensible to the Axis Powers).

What happened at the Potsdam conference?

In July 1945, President Truman met with Stalin and the British leader. They issued an ultimatum to Japan: surrender or be destroyed.

What was the Manhattan Project?

The group responsible for designing and making the atomic bomb

What happened regarding Japan and the Atomic bomb?

With the Japanese still refusing to surrender, an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima in 1945. After the Japanese still refused to surrender, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9. Eventually, Japan surrendered and the war officially ended on V-J Day (1945; called Victory in Japan)

What happened in Leyte Gulf?

Led by General MacArthur, Japan lost a series of 3 battles here from October 23-26, 1944 which marked the end of Japan's sea power.

What were General MacArthur’s contributions in WW2?

He was able to defeat Japan at Leyte Gulf and capture Manila.

What was the Battle of the Bulge?

In 1944, Hitler attacked thin American lines in the Ardennes Forest in hopes of taking the Belgian port of Antwerp (key to Ally support operation). Though Hitler had some success the 101st Airborne Division pushed him back.

What happened in April 1945 in Germany?

General Eisenhower's troops discovered the concentration camps where the Nazis had murdered over 6 million Jews.

Who took over Roosevelt’s presidency after he died?

Harry S Truman

What happened on May 7, 1945?

The Germans surrendered unconditionally. This was called Victory in Europe Day.

Who won in the election of 1944? AND WHY?

Roosevelt did, beating Thomas Dewey because the war was going well and people concluded that Roosevelt's experience was needed for making a future organization for world peace.

What happened at Coral Sea?

In 1942, this was the first battle done by carrier-based aircraft. It was between America and Japan with Australian support. Although America suffered losses, the US stopped Japanese advancement.

What happened at Midway?

In June 1942, a naval battle was fought here. If the Japanese took this, they could launch attacks against Pearl Harbor. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz directed a smaller carrier force against the Japanese fleet, causing them to retreat after losing four carriers. This also halted the Japanese.

What was leapfrogged?

When the US jumped from island to island, take control of one, then surround other islands to conquer them. Admiral Chester Nimitz successfully did this.

What was the Battle of the Atlantic?

Fought between the German's modern fleet of submarine U-Boats and Allied shipping. The introduction of air patrols and radar eventually helped the Allies win the battle

What was the Battle of Stalingrad?

In 1942, the Soviets repelled Hitler's attack on Stalingrad, capturing thousands of German soldiers. (This was the turning point in the war in the Soviet Union.)

Why did Americans want to do a diversionary invasion of France?

Americans feared that the Soviets might make a peace deal as they had in 1918 and leave the Western Allies to face Germany alone.

Where did the Americans attack to complete their diversionary invasion of France?

Under the Mediterranean sea, Germany was to surrender Tunisia.

What happened at Casablanca?

President Roosevelt met with Winston Churchill in 1943 and agreed to step up the war in the Pacific to invade Sicily and put pressure on Italy to cause them to surrender.

What happened in Tehran?

President Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Stalin met to coordinate a second front and agreed on broad plans to launch Soviet attacks on Germany from the east with a simultaneous assault from the West.

What happened on D-Day?

French Normandy (location) was the point of invasion because it was less heavily defended. On the invasion of June 6, 1944, Allies broke through German beach defenses and liberated Paris.