**ACSM's Introduction to exercise science, third edition, CH 3 vocab and info

Afferent neurons

nerves that carry electric impulses toward the brain and spinal cord

Efferent Neurons

Nerves that carry electric impulses away from the brain and spinal cords

Somatic

Part of the nervous system that controls voluntary action

Autonomic

part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary action

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

Stroke volume

The volume of blood pumped from the heart with each contraction

Cardiac output

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit of time, usually 1 minute

Eccentric muscle actions

When the fibers lengthen when generating force

Muscle fiber hypertrophy

an increase in the muscle fiber cross-sectional size

Muscle fiber hyperplasia

an increase in the number of muscle fibers in a muscle

Hematopoiesis

The formation and development of blood cells

Osteoporosis

a disorder in which the bone becomes increasingly porous, brittle, and subject to fracture, owing to a loss of calcium and other mineral components.

Erythropoietin

hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells through hemoglobin

recombinant human erythropoietin

the laboratory production of human erythropoietin

Atherosclerosis

a disease process whereby cholesterol and blood lipids build up in the arteries causing a narrowing of the vessel opening

maximal oxygen consumption

The maximum amount of oxygen the body can use during maximal effort exercise

exercise induced asthma

a medical condition characterized by shortness of breath induced by sustained aerobic exercise

Macronutrients

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats that are used for numerous processes in the body

Micronutrients

the foodstuffs needed in smaller quantities, including vitamins and minerals, that are used for numerous processes in the body

Electrolytes

the anions and cations that are distributed in the fluid compartments of the body

homeostasis

the maintenance of relatively stable internal physiologic conditions

Anabolic effects

The development and maintenance of tissue, particularly skeletal muscles

Innate

Immunity existing from within the body at birth

Acquired

Immunity that is derived after birth

Epidemiologic

the branch of medicine dealing with the incidence and prevalence of disease in large populations

Overtraining syndrome

a condition whereby too much training results in the maladaptations of body responses

Creatine phosphate

an organic compound found in muscle and cardiac tissue and capable of storing and providing energy for muscular contraction

Glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose to produce energy

Glycogenolysis

Breakdown of glycogen to produce energy

Oxidative metabolism

The use of oxygen to breakdown macronutrients to produce energy

Ergogenic aids

any substance or device that improves physiologic or psychological performance

Body composition

The amount of fat and nonfat tissue in the body

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy

maximal lactate steady state

the exercise intensity where maximal lactic acid production is matched by maximal lactic acid removal

nervous system

primary function: One of the primary communication systems in the body - control system of the body for acute challenges

muscular system

primary function: create force which provides movement for the body, fluids, food, and gases

types of skeletal muscles

1: slow twitch
2A: fast twitch oxidative
2X: fast twitch glycolytic

types of muscles

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

skeletal system

primary functions:
structural framework
protects organs and tissues
provides lever system
storage area for minerals
produces red blood cells

cardiovascular system

primary function is transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, and drugs. also removes waste from the body, and assists with temperature regulation.

pulmonary system

Primary functions:
Moving air into and out of the lungs
Regulation of acid-base balance

urinary system

primary functions:
elimination of waste products
regulation of fluid volume, electrolyte composition, and pH
filter waste

digestive system

primary function:
transfer of nutrients and water from the food we consume into the body

endocrine system

primary function:
One of the primary communication systems - helps control regulation of physiologic function and systems of the body - slow acting
-helps maintain homeostasis

immune system

primary function:
regulating the susceptibility to, severity of, and recovery from infection, abnormal tissue growth, and illness

energy system

Primary function:
Provide energy during rest and exercise

types of energy systems

ATP-PC system
Glycolysis
Oxidative Metabolism
Beta oxidation