Anaerobic respiration

What are the 3 uses of fermentation

for reactions of anaerobic respiration, reactions forming ethanol and any reactions of bacteria

Which stage of respiration is the only one that occurs in anaerobic respiration

Glycolysis

How is ATP made in the absence of oxygen

By substrate-level phosphorylation

How many ATP are formed by anaerobic respiration

2

Why is the Krebs cycle called a ‘metabolic hub’

the metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins can feed into it.

Why are lipids sometimes used as a respiratory substrate in anaerobic respiration

when carbohydrates in the body, such as glycogen and blood glucose, are low.

Why are proteins sometimes used as a respiratory substrate

when dietary energy supplies of carbohydrates and fats are inadequate

How are lipids used as a respiratory substrate

Fat is hydrolysed into glycerol and fatty acids

What is glycerol converted into which can feed into glycolysis

Glycerol is phosphorylated with ATP, dehydrogenated with NAD and converted into 3C triose phosphate which enters the glycolysis pathway.

What happens to the long chain fatty acid molecules that enables them to feed into the Krebs cycle

The long chain fatty acid molecules are split into 2C fragments that enter the Krebs cycle as AcCoA.

How are proteins used as a respiratory substrate

Protein is hydrolysed into amino acids which are deaminated in the liver to form Keto acids. The amino group is converted into urea and excreted. The residue is converted to acetyl CoA or pyruvate and oxidised

Why would an animal be anaerobically respiring

Due to insufficient oxygen during vigorous exercise

Why would plant cells undergo anaerobic respiration

If their roots are in waterlogged soils

What is the product of anaerobic respiration in animals

Lactate

What is the product of anaerobic respiration in some plant cells and micro-organisms such as yeast

Ethanol

What is the energy made available through ATP in aerobic respiration

1162.8 kJ

How efficient is ATP production in aerobic respiration

40.4%

How efficient is ATP production in anaerobic respiration

2.1%

During anaerobic respiration, lactic acid is produced. What affect does this lactic acid have?

Reduces the pH in muscle cells which affects proteins and causes cramping.

Where does the lactic acid need to reach after vigorous exercise and how does it get there

Lactic acid needs to reach the liver, it travels in the bloodstream. The person needs to keep moving to keep the blood flowing.