Personal rule to restoration 1629—1660 with Castles: form and function c. 1000 — 1750

Personal Rule

Period (1629-1640) during which Charles I ruled without calling Parliament.

Ship Money

A form of taxation imposed by Charles I without parliamentary consent.

Arminianism

A branch of Protestantism emphasizing free will and opposed to strict Calvinist predestination.

Laudian Reforms

Changes in church practices enforced by Archbishop William Laud.

Bishops' Wars

Conflicts between England and Scotland over religious reforms imposed by Charles I.

Commonwealth

The republican government established after the execution of Charles I.

Protectorate

The period of rule by Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector.

Restoration

The return of Charles II to the throne in 1660, marking the end of the Commonwealth and Protectorate.

Motte and Bailey

Early castle design featuring a wooden or stone keep on a raised earthwork and an enclosed courtyard.

Stone Keep

Castles with central stone keeps, providing durable and strong defenses.

Concentric Castles

Castles with multiple layers of curtain walls for enhanced defense.

Star Fort

Fortification design with star-shaped walls to withstand artillery attacks.

Divine Right of Kings

Belief that monarchs are chosen by God and accountable only to Him.

Forced Loans

Loans imposed on subjects without parliamentary consent.

National Covenant

Document signed by Scots in 1638 rejecting Charles I's religious policies.

Treaty of Berwick

Agreement that temporarily halted the Bishops' Wars.

Newburn

Battle where Scottish forces defeated the English in the Second Bishops' War.

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the Commonwealth and later Lord Protector.

Major-General Rule

Division of England into military districts under the Protectorate.

Navigation Act (1651)

Law boosting English trade by restricting foreign ships' access to English ports.

Richard Cromwell

Successor to Oliver Cromwell, whose rule saw the collapse of the Protectorate.

Windsor Castle

Example of a motte and bailey castle later developed into a stone fortress.

Norwich Castle

Originally a motte and bailey, later rebuilt in stone.

Dover Castle

Known as the "Key to England," featuring extensive stone defenses.

Rochester Castle

Notable for its imposing stone keep and strategic location.

Beaumaris Castle

Considered the "perfect" concentric castle with strong defenses.

Caerphilly Castle

Known for its extensive water defenses and multiple concentric walls.

Tilbury Fort

Star fort built to protect the Thames estuary.

Plymouth Citadel

Fort incorporating bastion fortification principles.

Hampton Court Palace

Originally a castle, transformed into a lavish palace by Henry VIII.

Edinburgh Castle

Served as a royal residence, military stronghold, and administrative center.