Units 7,8, and 9 Quarterly Exam Review

Win Brandon (P)

What do bones do for the body?

protection, gross movement, mineral storage (calcium, phosphate), fat storage (yellow marrow), Blood cell production (hematopoiesis), Support & structure, and muscle attachment.

What is the function of the Axial skeleton?

protection (skull, vertebrae, rib cage)

What components make up the Axial skeleton?

Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

What is the function of the Appendicular skeleton?

Movement

What components make up the Appendicular skeleton?

Shoulder girdle, arm & hand bones, pelvic girdle, leg & foot bones

Compact bone 

dense, contains passageways for nerves & blood vessels

Spongy bone

contains spaces & red marrow

Osteoblasts

build bone

Osteoclasts

break down bone

Osteocytes

mature bone cells

Endochondral ossification

Forms most bones below the skull

Intramembranous ossification

forms flat bones

What does the epiphyseal plate indicate?

Bone is still lengthening (not done growing)

What does the epiphyseal plate contain?

Cartilage undergoing mitosis

Ligaments 

connect bone to bone

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone

Cartilage

reduces friction; found at epiphysis

Parts of the skeletal system begin to form during the;

first weeks of prenatal development

Which of the following is the most complete list of what bones consist of?

bone tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, blood, nervous tissue

The formation of bone is called

ossification

Bone cells are called;

Osteocytes

What type of connective tissue connects bone to bone?

ligaments

What makes up bone tissue?

Calcium phosphate, osteocytes, collagen, and blood vessels.

Although ______ looks dense and solid, a microscope reveals that it is riddled with passageways that serve as conduits for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

compact bone

What are the steps of ossification?

1. A bone collar is laid down around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model

2. Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities 

3. The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms 

4. The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms 

5. The epiphyses ossify

How many bones does the human skeleton have?

206 

What organs are protected by bones?

Skull → brain, eyes

Rib cage → heart, lungs

Pelvic girdle → reproductive organs

What are the types of synovial joints?

• Ball-and-socket joints - hip & shoulder

• Hinge joints - elbow, knee, phalanges

• Pivot joints - atlas & axis

• Saddle joints - thumb

• plane/gliding joints - wrist & ankle 

• Condylar joints - metacarpal to phalanx

What are the three types of fibrous sutures?

Serrate, lap, and plane

Synarthrotic

joints that are immovable.

Amphiarthrotic

joints that are slightly movable.

Diathrotic

joints that are freely movable.

Adduction

movement toward midline

Abduction

movement away from midline

Rotation

the circular movement of a body part around its axis.

Plantar flexion

the movement of pointing the toes downward or away from the shin.

Dorsiflexion

the movement of raising the toes upward towards the shin.

Flexion

the bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts.

Extension

the straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts.

Circumduction

the circular movement of a limb

Supination

the rotational movement of the forearm that turns the palm up or forward.

Pronation

the rotational movement of the forearm that turns the palm down or backward.

Serrate Sutures

Wavy lines that interlock with adjoining bone

Lap Sutures

Beveled edges that overlap

Plane Sutures

Straight, non-overlapping edges 

Synovial Joints

A type of joint that allows for free movement, the most complex -type of joint- in various directions, characterized by the presence of a synovial cavity filled with fluid.

Cartilaginous Joints 

A type of joint where the bones are connected by cartilage, allowing for limited movement compared to synovial joints.

Fibrous joints

A type of joint where bones are connected by dense connective tissue, allowing for little to no movement.

The fetal skeleton is made largely of;

cartilage

What is located at the epiphyses of the bones to reduce friction in joints?

Cartilage

Cartilaginous tissue of epiphyseal plates includes;

layers of young cells that are undergoing mitosis 

Bone forming cells that become active and deposit bony matrix around themselves, forming spongy bone tissue in all directions are known as;

osteoblasts

With the exception of the clavicles, essentially all bones of the skeleton below the base of the skull form by ______ ossification

endochondral

The band of cartilage that remains between two ossification centers when bone growth is still taking place;

epiphyseal plate

What is the substance called that is found surrounding the bone cells

extracellular matrix

Bone is a type of ______

Connective tissue

The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that the bone is;

lengthening

What is true regarding a difference between spongy bone and compact bone?

they have different arrangements of bone cells

Large cells that secrete an acid to break down and remove extracellular matrix are known as;

osteoclasts

Which bones are usually small and nodular, and are embedded in tendons adjacent to joints? An example is the patella

Sesamoid bones 

Which bones have a shaft plus two ends, examples being the humerus and femur

long bones

Which bones are roughly cube shaped, examples being the bones of the wrist and ankle

Short bones

Bones that have complicated shapes, examples are the vertebrae and hip bones

Irregular bones

Which bones are thin, flattened, and usually a bit curved, an example being the sternum

flat bones

When you rotate your head no, you are using a _____ joint

pivot joint

Diarthrotic means

freely movable

Amphiarthrotic means

Slightly movable

Which type of joint- provides the widest range of motion?

ball-and-socket joint

The following features are characteristics of ______ joints: articular cartilage, reinforcing ligaments, nerves and blood vessels, articular capsule.

Synovial joints

The joints between the vertebrae of the backbone are best described as;

slightly movable

The term for, raising a body part, is;

elevation

Which type of joint contains a special fluid that helps to lubricate and protect the bones?

synovial joints

Joints found between the metacarpals and phalanges are known as;

condylar joints

Synarthrotic means

immovable

The term for, moving a part forward, is;

protraction 

Generally, no appreciable movement takes place at

fibrous joints

Most joints in the skeletal system are

Synovial joints

The articular ends of bones that make up these types of joints are covered with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage.

Synovial Joints

Examples of this type of joint- include the pubic symphysis and the first rib with the sternum

Cartilaginous joints

Joints of this type separate the vertebrae of the vertebral column

Cartilaginous joints 

These joints allow free movement and are more complex in structure than the other two types of joints.

Synovial joints

These joints allow limited movement

Cartilaginous

Hyaline cartilage, or fibrocartilage, connects the bones of 

Cartilaginous joints 

Which of the following joints are found between bones that closely contact one another?

Fibrous joints

The shoulder and hip joint are examples of a ______ joint

ball-and-socket joint

The joints between ribs 2-7 and the sternum are examples of a ______ joint 

Plane joint

the joint between the carpal and metacarpal of the thumb is an example of a _____ joint

Plane joint

The joints of the phalanges are examples of a ______ joint

Hinge joint

The joint between the atlas and dens of the axis is a _____ joint

Pivot Joint