BIO111 EXAM #1

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Atom

Smallest unit of an element.

Element

Pure substance made of one type of atom.

Atomic number

Number of protons.

Mass number

Protons + neutrons.

Electrons (neutral atom)

Equal to protons.

Covalent bond

Sharing electrons.

Ionic bond

Transfer of electrons.

Hydrogen bond

Weak attraction between partial charges.

Carbohydrates

Quick energy; monomer = monosaccharide.

Proteins

Structure & enzymes; monomer = amino acids.

Lipids

Long-term energy; glycerol + fatty acids.

Nucleic acids

Genetic info; monomer = nucleotide.

Hydrophilic

Water-loving.

Hydrophobic

Water-fearing.

Acidic pH

Less than 7.

Basic pH

Greater than 7.

Cell

Basic unit of life.

Cell theory

All living things are made of cells; cells are basic unit; cells come from pre-existing cells.

Prokaryotic cell

No nucleus (bacteria).

Eukaryotic cell

Has nucleus (plants, animals).

Plasma membrane

Phospholipid bilayer.

Passive transport

No energy required.

Active transport

Requires ATP.

Osmosis

Movement of water.

Endocytosis

Into cell.

Exocytosis

Out of cell.

Nucleus

Contains DNA.

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis.

Mitochondria

ATP production.

Plant cells only

Cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole.

Metabolic pathway

Series of chemical reactions.

Photosynthesis

CO2 + H2O + light → Glucose + O2 (chloroplast).

Cellular respiration

Glucose + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP.

Glycolysis

Anaerobic; cytoplasm.

Krebs cycle

Aerobic; mitochondria.

Electron transport chain

Produces most ATP.

Enzymes

Protein catalysts.

Fermentation

Occurs without oxygen.

Cell cycle

G1, S (DNA replication), G2, M.

Binary fission

Asexual reproduction in prokaryotes.

Mitosis

2 identical diploid cells.

Meiosis

4 genetically different haploid cells.

Diploid (2n)

Two chromosome sets.

Haploid (n)

One chromosome set.