EXTERNAL RESISTANCE AGAINST SA 1980S-PART 2

What were the two reasons disinvestments were introduced

•Disinvestments were introduced to show international disapproval of apartheid.

•to force the Apartheid regime to abandon its policies

•

What two things ignited the process of disinvestments

Soweto uprising and the death of Steve Biko in 1977 ignited the process of disinvestments

Which principles did American AAM adopt ?

-the name

-what is the principle against

-Who did they encourage to follow them

- Sullivan principles

-were against racial discrimination and segregation policies in and outside the workplace

- they encouraged individual businesses and institutions to end their involvement in the apartheid state as a corporate responsibility

Regarding disinvestments, what happened:

-In 1985 (BANK)

-1986 (US x2)

-Multinational companies

-Which large corporations pulled out of SA (Name min. 3)

•1985, Chase Manhattan bank cut off its links with SA creating a major financial crisis

•1986, the US banned all new investment in SA and loans to the SA government.

•Multinational companies who had billions worth of investments pulled-out of SA.

•Large corporations like General Motors, Kodak, IBM, Coca-Cola, Barclays and Mobil pulled out of SA

What did Township unrest between 1984 and 1985 make companies do

Between 1984 and 1988, more than ____ companies had left south Africa

Between________ foreign investments declined by 30%

made companies to disinvest in huge numbers

184

•Between 1970 and 1984

What did Botha introduce in 1985 as a response to all the beef

What were the results of international disinvestments

•Botha introduced a state of emergency in 1985 and it increased tension in South Africa and hatred from all over the world.

•Disinvestments brought economic crisis and challenges that strengthened internal resistance.

What were three "small" factors that led to the imposition of sanctions

•Abolition of pass laws, blacks increasingly clogged cities and they were ruthlessly treated by the regime, and this led to the imposition of sanctions

What was the "main" factor that lead to the imposition of sanctions :

-When was it

-What did he say

•Botha's Rubicon speech of 1985 made the international community to impose sanctions of SA

•Instead of announcing reforms, Botha reaffirmed the government's commitment to apartheid

•British commonwealth leaders-imposed sanctions in 1985

When di British commonwealth leaders impose sanctions

1985

What did some of the sanctions consist of part 1:

-UN General Assembly banned what (export x 1 and import x 2)

- The UN imposed what type of embargo

-What did Tutu support and encourage

•1987, UN General Assembly banned exports of arms and the import of Iron and gold coins

•The United Nations imposed an oil embargo on South Africa

•Archbishop Tutu supported the sanctions and encouraged black South Africans to make sacrifices for political freedom

What did some of the sanctions consist of part 2:

-What did ANC exiles support

-What did Scandinavian countries do

-What were the six main products affected by sanctions

-Were SAA planes allowed to use US airports

•The ANC exiles supported economic sanctions against the apartheid state

•Scandinavian countries placed South Africa on trade restrictions between 1986-87.

•The main products affected by sanctions were iron, steel, uranium, coal, fruit and textiles.

•NO

Fill in the blanks of the results of the sanctions pt.1:

•SA slipped into a________ in the 1980s as a result of the _____embargo and sanctions

•________peaked at 21.7% in August 1986.

•It was difficult for the government to attract ________ overseas.

•Overseas ________ lost interest on SA

recession UN oil embargo

Inflation

new loans

investors

Fill in the blanks of the results of the sanctions pt.2:

•Rapidly increasing ___________of about 9 Billion and the heavy cost of an _______________________ structure to maintain control, SA's economy was in trouble in the 1980s.

•The economy was stagnant between ________ and _____

•There was an increase in ________ and political instability.

•International sanctions brought apartheid to its knees and that ignited a ______________.

• army budget

extensive administration

between 1979 and 1989.

poverty

a change of policies.

What did Mandela become a symbol of

•Mandela became a symbol of world resistance to apartheid in the 1980s

What Committee did AAM set up in 1983 and what did they demand

•AAM set up the free Mandela Coordinating committee in 1983 to campaign for the release of Mandela.

•They demanded his release through campaigns, petitions and marches

In 1988 the AAM organised "Freedom at 70" in honour of Mandela's 70th birthday concert.

How many people attended

What were they trying to show

•72 000 people attended the concert at Wembley stadium

•To show the world that leaders were still in jail, and push the British government to demand the release of Mandela

What stuff happened in response to the Free Mandela Campaign

- songs

-named

-Congress

•Songs were released

•Streets, public places, parks, and community facilities were named in Mandela's honour for example in Britain and Ireland.

•Resolution passed in US Congress calling for his release

What did the Southern African States form in 1980, and who did they allow to coordinate their activities in their country

•In 1980, Southern African States formed Frontline states to support the liberation movements in SA

•They allowed MK and ANC to coordinate their activities in their countries

What did Frontline States increase and what was the Aparthied governments reaction to that(SADF)

•Frontline states increased pressure on the Apartheid regime to end apartheid

•The SADF launched cross border raids that destabilised the frontline region.

Results of the Frontline state items

-Intensified...

- Ruth First

-what led to th demise of Apartheid

•Chaos in SA and the region intensifies international resistance.

•Many SA activists were targeted and killed in exile (1982, Ruth First, journalist leading SACP was killed in Mozambique by parcel bomb sent by SA Agents)

•Discounted outside SA led to the demise of Apartheid

What was apartheid was finally dismantled by

and what two things weakened the economy

apartheid was finally dismantled by the economic recession that SA experience in the 1980s

•Sanctions and disinvestments weakened the economy

What 3 things made it evident that the regime had lost control of the country and what crisis was the gov. unable to resolve

Inflation rose, prices hiked, increasing foreign debts, GDP fell by 1.7% and massive unemployment

•Government failed to resolve the economic crisis.

How did Apar. Gov. do crowd control

•Mass detentions and police resorted firepower as a means of crowd control.

•The total strategy made the country completely.........

•Total onslaught completely lost

......cut off from international market

.......international support in 1989.

True or false

•Internal and external resistance intensified, the regime had to rethink its policies, and this signified the collapse of apartheid

true