Biology Test - Grade 10

levels of organization

cellular level → tissue level → organ level → organ system level → organism level

cellular level

ex. heart muscle cell

tissue level

ex. heart muscle tissue

organ level

ex. heart

organ system level

ex. circulatory system

organism level

ex. deer

basic functions of animal organ systems

* obtain oxygen and nutrients
* eliminate waste
* sense and respond to their environment
* grow and repair damage
* reproduce

epithelial tissue

thin sheets of tightly packed cells covering surfaces and lining internal organs

ex. skin, lining of the digestive system

connective tissue

various types of cells and fibres held together by a liquid, a solid, or a gel, known as a matrix

ex. bone, tendons, blood

muscle tissue

bundles of long cells called muscle fibres that contain specialized proteins capable of shortening or contracting

ex. skeletal muscles, smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells

nervous tissues

long, thin cells with fine branches at the ends capable of conducting electrical impulses

ex. brain, nerves in sensory organs

digestive system

* takes in food, nutrients and water, digests and produces waste
* made up of the digestive tract and accessory organs

digestive tract

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

steps in digestive system

ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion

mouth

food is broken down both mechanically (teeth and tongue) and chemically (with enzymes)

esophagus

* tube of smooth muscle tissue that connects your mouth to your stomach
* epiglottis seals the trachea during swallowing
* smooth muscle contracts which helps food move slowly

stomach

holds and further breaks down food by churning it (physical digestion) and with digestive enzymes (chemical digestion)

intestines

* consists of small intestine and large intestine
* small intestine is 6m long and narrow and is where most digestion occurs
* nutrients diffuse through the wall of the small intestine into bloodstream
* large intestine (colon) is 1.5m long
* lining of large intestine absorbs water from the indigestible food and the remaining matter is excreted as feces

accessory organs

* liver, gall bladder, and pancreas
* produce enzymes that aid in digestion

circulatory system

* moves substances around the body
* deliver oxygen and nutrients to body cells
* remove carbon dioxide and waste from body cells
* regulates body temperature
* transports white blood cells to fight off infection or foreign material

parts of circulatory system

blood vessels, heart, blood

types of blood vessels

arteries, capillaries, veins

arteries

large vessels that carry blood away from the heart

capilarries

tiny blood vessels that allow substances to diffuse between blood and other body fluids and tissues

veins

large vessels that carry blood back to the heart

heart

* pumps blood to circulate throughout the body
* ride side pumps blood to the lungs (pulmonary circuit)
* left side pumps blood to the body (systemic circuit)
* made up of three different tissues:
* cardiac muscle tissue
* nerve tissue
* connective tissue
* frequency of heart beat changes depending on physical activity, stress, temperature, and general health

blood cells

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma

red blood cells

* almost half of blood volume
* transports oxygen
* contain a protein called hemoglobin which binds O2

white blood cells

*

platelets

*

plasma

* over half of blood volume
* protein rich liquid that carries blood cells along

coronary artery disease

* occurs when the coronary arteries become partially blocked with plague
* can be caused by genetics or unhealthy lifestyle
* treatment:
* coronary artery bypass grafting
* coronary baloong
* coronary stent

heart attack

* coronary arteries become completely blocked with plaque or blood clot
* heart muscle stops pumping and heart tissue starts to die
* symptoms:
* chest pain
* shortness of breath

respiratory system

provides the needed oxygen to the body and to remove the carbon dioxide produced

respiration

* act of breathing
* inhaling: taking in oxygen
* exhaling: giving off carbon dioxide
* rib cage and intercostal muscles expand and contract
* diaphragm rises and falls
* volume of lungs increases/decreases, also affecting pressure inside the lungs

nasal cavity

air enters through nostrils

pharynx

throat

larynx

voice box

trachea

* windpipe
* epithelial tissues produce mucus and are ciliated
* cilia help move mucus and filter out foreign material
* trachea is supported by rings of flexible material called cartilage
* made up of strong but inflexible and nonliving matrix created by cells

bronchi (bronchus)

main branches

bronchioles

smaller branches

lungs

main organ involved in respiration

alveoli

air sacs in lung, where gas exchange takes place

gas exchange

* oxygen enters bloodstream in the lungs by diffusion
* carbon dioxide leaves the blood the same way

tuberculosis

* infectious disease
* caused by bacteria that enters body when breathing
* can spread to other parts of the body
* untreated, can be fatal
* symptoms: fever ,cough, weight loss, tiredness, chest pain


* pneumonia looks similar to TB on an xray

cystic fibrosis

* caused by a defective gene that is passed down
* body produces abnormally thick and sticky mucus which builds up in lungs

musculoskeletal system

* provides structure and support for the body
* protects delicate organs
* makes movement possible
* help maintain internal body temperature

parts of musculoskeletal system

bone, ligaments, tendons, cartilage

bone

* hard and dense
* provides support
* matrix of minerals (calcium and phosphorus) and collagen
* canals inside bones contain nerves and blood vessels
* only a very small percentage is living cells

ligaments

* tough but very elastic
* connects bone to bone and provides stability at the joints
* composed of mostly long collagen and elastin fibres

tendons

* tough
* connects muscle to bone
* composed of mostly long collagen fibres

cartilage

* dense and rubbery
* provides low-friction and shock absorbing support for bones and other tissues
* matrix of collagen fibres
* contains no blood vessels or nerves

how muscles make bone move

* each end of skeletal muscle is connected by tendons
* muscle cells contract, causing the muscle tissue to flex and bones to move
* skeletal muscles always work in opposing pairs or groups

osteoporosis

* makes bones more susceptible to fractures
* linked to a loss of calcium
* more common in women

nervous system

* senses the environment and coordinates appropriate responses
* brain is the only organ secluded to the nervous system

parts of the nervous system

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

central nervous system

* core of the nervous system
* consists of the brain and spinal cord
* protected by bones

peripheral nervous system

* consists of the nerves that connect all parts of the body to the central nervous system
* three groups:
* nerves that control voluntary muscles (biceps, triceps, quadriceps)
* nerves that carry info from sensory organs (eyes, ears, taste buds)
* nerves that regulate involuntary functions (breathing, heartbeat, digestion)

nerve tissue

* made up of bundles of neurons
* neurons send information throughout the body by conducting electrical impulses from one area of the body to another

myelin sheath

acts like insulation on an electrical wire, preventing electrical impulses from passing to the wrong neuron

multiple sclerosis

* destroys the myelin sheaths of neurons in the central nervous system
* symptoms: muscle weakness, slurred speech, difficulty walking

concussion

* violent jarring or shaking that results in a disturbance of brain function
* symptoms: blurred or double vision, confusion, slow to answer easy questions, nausea
* recovery: rest, avoid screen time, avoid sports

Cell theory

all living things are made up of one or more cells and their products, the cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes, all cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-living matter

prokaryotic cell

a cell that does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

eukaryotic cell

a cell that contains a nucleus and other organelles each surrounded by a thin membrane

organelle

a cell structure that performs a specific function for the cell

cytoplasm

suspends or contains all other organelles, mostly water but contains other potentially needed substances

cell membrane

flexible double-layered structure that surrounds the cell, supports the cell and allows some substances to enter while keeping others out

nucleus

contains genetic information that is stored on chromosomes

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

mitochondria

make energy available to the cell, store energy as a from of glucose

cellular respiration

glucose + oxygen --\> carbon dioxide + water + usable energy (ATP)

endoplasmic reticulum

transports materials throughout the cell, fluid filled tubes extending throughout the cytoplasm from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane

golgi bodies

collect and process materials to be removed from the cell, make and secrete mucus

vacuoles

contains some substances, removes unwanted substances from the cell, maintains internal fluid pressure within the cell, animal cells have many; plant cells have one

ribosomes

found free floating in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum, makes ir synthesizes protein in the cell

cell wall

only in plant cells, provides support for the cell and protection from physical injury

central vacuole

only in plant cells, stores water, food, nutrients, and waste

chloroplasts

only in plant cells, contain chlorophyll and give leaves their green colour, absorb light energy which is used in photosynthesis

photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide + water + energy (sunlight)-\> glucose + oxygen

lysosomes

only in animal cells, membrane-bound organelles that contain chemicals which digest and break down biomolecules

cell division for reproduction

involves transfer of genetic information from the parents to the offspring

asexual reproduction

producing genetically identical offspring from only one parent

sexual reproduction

producing offspring by the fusion of two gametes, offspring inherit genetic information from each parent

cell division for growth

diffusion and osmosis, cell must be able to move important chemicals IN and wasteful chemicals OUT

diffusion

the process that moves substances in/out/across cells from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration

osmosis

the movement of fluid (water) across a semi-permeable membrane until its concentration is the same on both sides

cell division for repair

when part of an organism is damaged, the remaining cells divide to repair the injury

typical human cell

46 chromosomes, 2 pairs of 23 chromosomes

sex cells (gametes)

reproductive cells that unite to produce a zygote, have a habloid number (n) of chromosomes

gametes

egg (ovum) and sperm cells

somatic cells

all body cells except reproductive cells, have a diploid number (2n) of chromosomes

interphase

cell is taking a rest from dividing, spends most time in this cell, cell grows by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles

G1 phase

cell growth

S phase

synthesis of dna - dna replication

G2 phase

cell growth and preparation for mitosis

purpose of cell division

to grow, to replace dead and damaged cells

mitosis

division of the nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei, results in daughter cells that contain a diploid number of chromosomes

prophase

cromatin coils up to form chromosomes, nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear, centrioles separate and move to opposite poles, spindle fibres begin to form at the centrioles and stretch across cell, spindle fibres attach to one side of each centromere

metaphase

double stranded chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell (the metaphase plate or equator)