Honors Bio final review set

Carbohydrates monomer are _________, and an example is _______. The polymers are ______, and an example is ________. They are held together by ________ bonds

monosaccharides, glucose, polysaccharides, starch, glycocidic

Lipids have ___ ____ monomer. For steroids, their monomer is the ________ ______ but for phospholipids and triglycerides, their monomer is ____ and _______ ________. They are held together by _______ bonds and store energy in _______ and ____ bonds

no true, acetyl group, glycerol, fatty acids, ester, c-c, c-h

Protein’s monomers are ____ ______ and theyre held together by _____ bonds. For R groups, polar = ________ and ______ = ______. Polar R grooups have ___ or ____ while nonpolar R groups have ____

amino acids, peptide, hydrophilic, nonpolar, hydrophobic, o, oh, ch3

Nucleic acid’s monomers are ____, and are held togehter by _____ bonds. Plymers are ___ and ___

nucleotides, phosphodiester, rna, dna

O-H: _________ C=O: _________ C-(C=O and O-H): _________
N-(2H + Carbon skeleton): _________ P-4O: _________
C-3H: ________

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, methyl

Adhesion: Attraction between ______ substances

Cohesion: Attraction between ______ substance

different, same

±1 change in pH represents a ___x increase/decrease in ___ ions

10, h+

Reaction that makes polymers: ________

Reaction that breaks polymers: ________

dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis

Unsaturated fats: ______ at room temperature, have ____ bonds so _____ ______ in between molecules

Saturated fats: ______ at room temperature, have ____ bonds so _____ _______ in between molecules

liquid, double, more space, solid, single, less space

Primary structure: ____ bonds, ____ to break, just a ____

Secondary structure: (types) _____ ____ or _____ ____ ______, held together by ___ bonds, still not a ___

Tertiary structure: ____ bonds and ____ bonds and ____ _____ and ____ interactions, polypeptide _______ up, now a protein

Quaternary structure: ___ polypeptide chains bonded together

peptide, hardest, polypeptide, alpha helix, beta pleated sheet, protein, hydrogen, hydrogen, ionic, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic, folded, 2+

Prokaryotes: ______ _____ (no _______ _______ organelles), ___ DNA with ______, also reproduce with ____ _____

Eukaryotes: ________ (have ______ _____ organelles), ________ DNA, also reproduce with ____/_____

nucleoid region, membrane bound, circular, plasmids, binary fission, nucleus, membrane bound, linear, mitosis/meiosis

The ______ site is on the enxyme away from the active site (which is where the ___ , or the moelcule the enzyme ____ ___, binds) where molecules like _______ or ________bind, when they bind there they change the _____ of teh enzyme which either ____ the enzyme or ________ the enzyme

allosteric, substrate, acts upon, repressors, effectors, shape, activate, inhibit

Cell membrane permeability: short tails ______ fluisidy (pospholipids stack _______) while longtails _____ fluidity (phospholipids stack _______). Cholesterol _____ any large changes in fluidity

invrease, poorly, decrease, well, downregulates

Ion channels are _____ proteins that open/close in respone to _______ stimulus. They’re ___ transport. ______ are protein channels that allow _____ to move _____ its concentration gradient, so also _____ transport

channel, ion, passive, aquaporins, water, along, passive

3 cytoskeleton fibers

____: made from protein _____, in____, help cell ___, determine cell ____, anc create ____ furrow

_______ _______: anchor cell ______ in place

_______: _______ of the filament types, framework for ___ formation, ____ projections, aned help with ___ protein movement

microfilaments, actin, bundles, move, shape, celavage, intermediate filaments, structures, microtubules, thickest, spindle, extracellular, motor

Cell junctions

_____ junctions prevent leakage of _____ fluid, commonly found in cells that form ______

_____ junctions aka ______ will ___ cells together but allow materials to ____ in the ______

_____ junctions arte direct ________ between the _______ of 2 cells, allowing _____ to pass directly between 2 cells. In plants these are called ______

tight, extracellular, linings, anchoring, desmosomes, anchor, flow, matrix, gap, connections, cytoplasm. materials, plasmodesmata

______ are lipids with carb chains attached and are on outer surface of cell _______ to play roles in cell ________ and _________

_______ are proteins with carb chains and re involved in cell-cell ______ and _______

______ are a special type of glycvoprotein which helps with _______ support

glycolypids, membrane, recognition, communication, glycoproteins, recognition, signaling, proteoglycans, strictural

The promotor and terminator are start and stop for _______ and are on the _____, the start and stop codon are start and stop from _____ and are on teh ____

transcription, dna, translation, mrna

During transcription RNA polymerase reads the DNA strand from ___’ to ___’, but synthesizes RNA from __’ to _’. DNA polymerase reads teh stand form ___’ to ___’ and synthesizes DNA from ___’ to ___’

3, 5, 5, 3,, 3, 5, 5, 3

tRNA’s anticodon is ________ to the mRNA. the tRNA is the _______ as the original _____, except T is replaced with U

complementary, same, DNA

_____ proteins are proteins that are ______ attatched to the surface of the membrane

______ proteins are t hose that are covalently anchored to a _____ molecule, holding them in the membrane

______ proteins are those that span the entire _____ _____

Periphgeral, loosely, anchored, lipid, transmembrane, lipid bilayer

In photosynthesis, H+ ions build up inside _______ space, in cell respiration, they build up in _______ space

thylakoid, intermembrane

_________ chromosomes are 2 identitcal and ________ copies of the same chromosome, they are joied at the _____

sister, replicated, centromerre

Proteins/signaling molecules stimulating cell division are

growth factors

________: region where 2 _____ chromosomes are ______

________: region with centrioles that organlize _____ _________

_______: point where 2 ___ chromosomes exchange ________ material

centromere, sister, joined, centrosome, spindle fibers, chiasma, homologous, genmetic

Complete chromosome set of a cell

Karyotype

When chromosomes fail to seperate

nondisjunction

Mugations

______: nucleotide deleted from sequence

______: set of dna breaks and rejoins backwards

______: section of dna duplicated

_____: nonhomologous chromosome sections break+recombine

______: 1 or more nucleotides inserted or deleted- but not in multiples of _____

Deletion, inversion, duplication, transolcation, frameshift, three

Homologous chromosomes: a pair, 1 from each _____, have the same ___ at the same ____ but possible different _____, they pair up during ______ and during meiosis ______ ______ during ______

Nonhomologous chromosomes: Different chromosomes that don’t carry the same _____

parent, genes, loci, alleles, meiosis, cross over, synapsis, genes

________dominance: white + red = pink, ____ of traits expressed

_______dominance: blood type alleles, ____ traits expressed

incomplete, mix, co, both

______: ______ genes influencing ____ trait

_______: ___ gene affecting _______ things

Polygenic inheritance, multipple, 1, pleiotropy, 1, many

____ genes are less likely to _____ _______ because their ___ are close together, so when they do ______ ___ they are likely to do so ____

linked, cross over, loci, cross over, together

Pedigrees

X-linked ________: suggested by affected ____ from an affected ______

X-linked _________: suggested by affected _____ from an affected _____

Mitochondrial: if _______ has it, _____ offsbring have it

dominant, daughters, father, recessive, sons, other, mother, all

During Transcription, DNA is made in the ___ to ___ direction, and then the _RNA is created except the ___ and ___ are _____. And then for the RNA anticodons, they’re ______ again

5’, 3’, m, 5’, 3’, switched, switched

_______ is having an obnormal number of individual chromosomes (example of _____), and inactivateed x-chromosomes caleld ____ ____ help prevent it. ________ is having an extra chromosome set.

aneiuploidy, nondisjunction, barr bodies, polyploidy

Mutation induced by outside agent

mutagen

An ____ operon is normally inactive and needs to be activated by inactivating ______ protein (ex: _____ operon induced by ____) while a _______ operon is nomally active and needs to be deactivated by activating a _______ protein (ex: _____ operon repressed by ______)

inducible, repressor, lac, lactose, repressible, repressor, trp, tryptophan

_______ are proteins that DNA wraps around during eveythingt but replication, but whern replication hapens enzymes ________ them causeing the DNA to ____ from them

histones, acetylate, unravel

________ proteins and _______ proteins bind at dna ____ sequences, the difference is the first one ___ while the second one just ____ the first one lol. They are both _____ factors and help _____ _______ find the ____ sequence on teh DNA

activator, repressor, enhancer, helps, blocks, transcription, rna polymerase, promoter

_____ are noncoding sequences within a gene, while ____ are teh sequences in a gene that code for proteims. The ___ exist vbecause of ______ ________- they can be rearranged to produce multiple proteins from 1 _____

introns, exons, intro, alternative splicing, gene

The movement of genes between ____ is called _____ ______
Random changes in ____ frequency is called ____ ___

populators, gene flow, allele, genetic drift

DNA methylation causes DNA tgo _______ and ______ gene expression

supercoil, downregulates

For hardy-weinberg to happen, there must be no ___, no ____ ____ (so no _____/______), no criteria for ___ (_______ probabilities of survival/reproduction so _______ mating and no ____ selectio)

mutation, gene flow, immigration/emigration, selection, equal, random, sexual

The ____ effect is when a random catastrophic event causes a random fraction fo the populatioj to survive, changing ____ frequencies

The _________ effect is when a few individuals form original pop. migrate to new area and create a new _______, decreasing genetic ______

bottleneck, allele, founder, population, diversity

_______ selection davors phenotype varying in 1 direction from mean

_______ selection favors phenotype varying in both directions from mean

_______ selection favors the average phenotype (goes towards middle)

directional, disruptive, stabilizing

_______ evolution causes _______ structures (similar function, don’t share common evolutionar _______) while _______ evolution causes ________ structures (same ________ but diff functons)

convergent, analogous, origin, divergent, homologous, structure

1 species rapidly evolves int omany different species, each adapted to a different niche/environment

Adaptive radiation