APHUG Unit 2 Vocab

Population density

measure of average population per unit of land; how crowded a place is

Population distribution

Pattern of human settlement-spread of people across the earth

Midlatitudes

most people live here: areas between 30-60 degrees north and south of the equator

Types of distribution

Clustered, dispersed, linear

Social stratification

Hierarchical division of people into groups based on various factors such as economic status, power, or ethnicity, but largely based on wealth.

Arithmetic density

Total population divided by total land area; doesn’t account for distribution

Physiological density

Total population divided by amount of arable land, helps determine carrying capacity

Carrying Capacity

The population an area can support without environmental deterioration

Agricultural density

Number of farmers divided by amount of arable land

Ecumene

Area of the earth that is habitable

Overpopulation

when a region contains more people than it can support

Potential workforce

Group ages 15-64 expected to be society’s labor force

Dependent population

People under 15 or 65+ that rely on the economically active workforce

Dependency ratio

Comparison between the size of the workforce and the dependent population

Baby boom

Birth rate spike associated with post-war or financial stability

Baby bust

Decrease in birth rates in the years following a baby boom

Echo

another significant increase in birth seen on a population pyramid because boomers are having kids

Birth deficit

Slowdown of births, impact of war

Demographic balancing equation

Used to describe future population of region: Current population + (births-deaths) + (immigrants-emigrants)

Immigrants

Those moving into a country or region

Emigrants

Those moving out of a country or region

CBR

Number of live births each year per 1000 population

TFR

Average number of children expected to be born to a woman aged 15-49

Life expectancy

Average number of years people are expected to live

IMR

Number of children who die before their first birthday per 1000 live births

CDR

Deaths in a year per 1000 population

RNI

(CBR-CDR)/10, shows growth or decline naturally

Doubling time

For any exponentially growing population, the time it will take to double in size

Rule of 70

70/growth rate per year

Replacement fertility

TFR of 2.1+

DTM

shows 5 typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize

DTM Stage 1

High CBR and CDR, no growth, agrarian, no examples today

DTM Stage 2

High CBR, rapidly declining CDR, rapid growth, agrarian

DTM Stage 3

CBR & CDR declining, rapid but slowing growth, urbanization

DTM Stage 4

Low CDR + CBR, stable/low growth, highly developed

DTM Stage 5

CBR falls below CDR, very developed, decline

ETM

predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they develop

ETM Stage 1

Disease & Famine

ETM Stage 2

Receding Pandemics

ETM Stage 3

Degenerative and human created diseases

ETM Stage 4

Delayed degenerative diseases

ETM Stage 5

Reemergence of infectious diseases

Malthusian Theory

Exponential population growth would exceed arithmetic food production, leading to overpopulation, starvation, and disease.

Boserup Theory

Population increases put pressure on the agricultural system, which stimulates invention

Neo-Malthusians

Those who still accept Malthus’ fundamental premise as correct, focus on all resources

Antinatalist Policies

Policies discouraging fertility, used by developing countries,voluntary or coerced

Pronatalist policies

Governments encouraging large families for military power and economic growth

Ravenstein’s laws

Migration typically short distance, urban areas main destination, migration occurs in steps, every migration generates a counter-migration, young, single adult men most likely to migrate, migration due to economic factors

Pull Factors

positive conditions that cause people to move to a location

Push factors

negative conditions that cause people to move away from a location

Intervening obstacle

barriers that hold migrants back from continuing to travel

Intervening opportunity

An opportunity that causes migrants to voluntarily stop traveling

Migration

Temporary or permanent relocation of people from one place to another

Voluntary migration

People choose to relocate to a new place

Forced Migration

People relocate due to fears of violence or for survival

Asylum seekers

Political refugees that can be granted protection in accepting countries

Internally Displaced Persons

Migrants who move to another part of the same country due to political events or environmental issues

Refugees

Migrants who cross international boundaries due to political events or environmental issues

Asylum

Protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of harm or death if they return.

Internal migration

voluntary migration within a country

Step migration

voluntary migration; a series of intermediate moves, gradually moving to the final destination

Transnational migration

Voluntary migration from one country to another

Chain migration

Voluntary; the phenomenon of people in a new country settling in a community where others from their home country, family,or culture group have previously settled

Guest workers

voluntary; transnational migrants who provide unskilled or manual labor in a new country temporarily

Transhumance

Voluntary; the seasonal movement of pastoral nomads and their herds

Xenophobia

Strong dislike of people of another culture

Remittances

Money sent to family or friends in the immigrant’s country of origin

Brain drain

when migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled or educated people

Ethnic enclaves

Neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group