Unit 1 -6 apush

Finals

Native American populations prior to European settlement

Diverse societies with unique cultures, economies, and political systems; many relied on agriculture, trade, and kinship networks.

Spanish exploration & colonization

Sought wealth & conversion.

French exploration & colonization

Focused on trade & alliances.

English exploration & colonization

Aimed for permanent settlement.

Motives for English colonization

Seeking profits (joint-stock ventures), land, and religious freedom.

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement; struggled early but succeeded through tobacco.

Puritans

Religious reformers who founded New England colonies emphasizing community and morality.

Colonial labor / Bacon's Rebellion

Shift from indentured servants to African slavery after land/labor tensions erupted in 1676.

Anne Hutchinson

Challenged Puritan authority; banished for holding dissenting religious meetings.

Mercantilism

Economic policy where colonies exist to benefit the mother country through controlled trade.

Political, economic, social development in the colonies

Regional differences: New England (trade), Middle (diversity), Southern (plantation economy).

The Great Awakening

Religious revival (1730s-40s) emphasizing emotion and equality before God.

Stono Rebellion

Major slave uprising in 1739 South Carolina; led to stricter slave codes.

The French and Indian War

Conflict between Britain & France; British victory but huge debt → new colonial taxes.

British regulation & colonial protest

Acts (Stamp, Townshend) → colonial resistance & boycotts.

March of the Paxton Boys / Regulator Movement

Frontier protests against colonial elites and Native policies.

The Declaration of Independence

Listed grievances & declared U.S. independence based on natural rights.

Why Americans achieved independence

Home-field advantage, French aid, strong leadership, British missteps.

Articles of Confederation

First U.S. government; weak central power, strong states.

Ordinances of 1785 & 1787

Land policies organizing western territories; NW Ordinance banned slavery in the NW.

Founding Fathers' philosophy

Natural rights, republican virtue, limited government.

Shays's Rebellion & significance

Farmers revolted over taxes; exposed weakness of Articles → Constitutional Convention.

Writing of the Constitution & ratification debate

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists; resulted in stronger federal gov. & Bill of Rights.

Whiskey Rebellion

Farmers protested excise tax; Washington enforced law → demonstrated federal authority.

Washington as president / Farewell Address

Warned against political parties & foreign alliances.

Hamilton vs. Jefferson

Hamilton: strong federal gov., industry; Jefferson: agrarian democracy, states' rights.

Bank of the United States

Created by Hamilton to stabilize the economy.

Strict vs. loose interpretations of the Constitution

Jefferson = strict construction; Hamilton = loose construction.

Formation of political parties

Grew from Hamilton-Jefferson conflicts.

The tariff issue

Protective tariffs helped industry but hurt the South.

Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions

States claimed right to nullify federal laws (Alien & Sedition Acts).

Revolution of 1800

Peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans.

Marshall Court

Strengthened federal power & judicial review.

Jefferson as president

Reduced federal size but kept some Federalist policies.

Louisiana Purchase

Doubled U.S. size; raised constitutional questions.

Jefferson's foreign policy

Embargo Act hurt U.S. trade.

War of 1812

Caused by impressment & frontier conflicts; boosted nationalism.

Hartford Convention

Federalist opposition to war; hurt their reputation.

Nationalism & sectionalism post-War of 1812

Pride grew but regional differences intensified.

American System

Henry Clay plan: tariff, national bank, internal improvements.

Characteristics of 19th-century panics

Economic downturns caused by speculation, credit issues.

Missouri Compromise

Maintained slave/free balance; set 36°30′ line.

Monroe Doctrine

Warned Europe against colonizing the Americas.

Maysville Road veto

Jackson opposed federal funding for internal improvements.

Election of 1824

"Corrupt bargain" between Adams & Clay.

Jacksonian Democrats; the Whig Party

Democrats favored limited gov.; Whigs favored active gov. & economic development.

Jackson's Indian policy

Indian Removal Act → Trail of Tears.

Jackson and the B.U.S.

Vetoed Bank recharter; shifted funds to "pet banks."

Jackson, tariff, and nullification / S.C. Exposition & Protest

South Carolina claimed right to nullify tariffs; Jackson threatened force.

Webster-Hayne Debate

Debated states' rights vs. federal authority.

Early immigration & immigration issues

Growing Irish & German immigration caused job and cultural tensions.

Nativism and the Know-Nothing Party

Anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic political movement.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival inspiring reform and social activism.

Transcendentalism

Movement emphasizing nature, individuality, and intuition.

19th-Century art & literature

Hudson River School, American themes & identity.

Early industrial revolution: society & economy

Shift to factories; growth of wage labor & urbanization.

Textile workers

Lowell mill girls; early labor activism.

Slavery / Southern justification for slavery

Claimed biblical & racial arguments; essential for economy.

American Colonization Society

Promoted sending freed African Americans to Africa.

Reform movements

Included abolition, women's rights, temperance, prisons, education, Utopias.

Cult of domesticity / republican motherhood

Women as moral guardians of home & children.

Market Revolution

Transformation in transportation, technology, and economy.

Antebellum transportation: problems & impact

Roads, canals, railroads → linked markets & spurred growth.

Texan independence & annexation issue

Texas won independence, later annexed → slavery controversy.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that U.S. was destined to expand west.

Mexican War

U.S. gained Southwest territory; reignited slavery debates.

Issues & crises leading to the Civil War

Sectionalism, slavery expansion, states' rights, failed compromises.

Republican Party & its platform

Opposed spread of slavery, supported modernization.

Southern way of life

Plantation economy; strict social hierarchy.

Union vs. Confederate resources in the Civil War

North: industry, population; South: military leadership, defensive strategy.

Goals of the Confederates

Independence and protection of slavery.

Emancipation of slaves / Confiscation Acts

Allowed Union to seize Confederates' enslaved people; paved way for Emancipation Proclamation.

Lincoln as president

Preserved the Union; expanded executive power.

Post-Civil War Southern economy, society, & Black Codes

Sharecropping, racial control laws, economic hardship.

Reconstruction: presidential & congressional

Johnson = lenient; Congress = strict, military rule, rights for freedpeople.

Reconstruction Amendments (13th, 14th, 15th)

Ended slavery, granted citizenship, protected voting rights.

Post-Civil War economy

Industrial growth in North; continued Southern struggles.