Unit 1 -6 apush

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 5 people
0.0(0)
full-widthCall Kai
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
GameKnowt Play
Card Sorting

1/76

flashcard set

Earn XP

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

77 Terms

1
New cards
Native American populations prior to European settlement
Diverse societies with unique cultures, economies, and political systems; many relied on agriculture, trade, and kinship networks.
2
New cards
Spanish exploration & colonization
Sought wealth & conversion.
3
New cards
French exploration & colonization
Focused on trade & alliances.
4
New cards
English exploration & colonization
Aimed for permanent settlement.
5
New cards
Motives for English colonization
Seeking profits (joint-stock ventures), land, and religious freedom.
6
New cards
Jamestown
First permanent English settlement; struggled early but succeeded through tobacco.
7
New cards
Puritans
Religious reformers who founded New England colonies emphasizing community and morality.
8
New cards
Colonial labor / Bacon's Rebellion
Shift from indentured servants to African slavery after land/labor tensions erupted in 1676.
9
New cards
Anne Hutchinson
Challenged Puritan authority; banished for holding dissenting religious meetings.
10
New cards
Mercantilism
Economic policy where colonies exist to benefit the mother country through controlled trade.
11
New cards
Political, economic, social development in the colonies
Regional differences: New England (trade), Middle (diversity), Southern (plantation economy).
12
New cards
The Great Awakening
Religious revival (1730s-40s) emphasizing emotion and equality before God.
13
New cards
Stono Rebellion
Major slave uprising in 1739 South Carolina; led to stricter slave codes.
14
New cards
The French and Indian War
Conflict between Britain & France; British victory but huge debt → new colonial taxes.
15
New cards
British regulation & colonial protest
Acts (Stamp, Townshend) → colonial resistance & boycotts.
16
New cards
March of the Paxton Boys / Regulator Movement
Frontier protests against colonial elites and Native policies.
17
New cards
The Declaration of Independence
Listed grievances & declared U.S. independence based on natural rights.
18
New cards
Why Americans achieved independence
Home-field advantage, French aid, strong leadership, British missteps.
19
New cards
Articles of Confederation
First U.S. government; weak central power, strong states.
20
New cards
Ordinances of 1785 & 1787
Land policies organizing western territories; NW Ordinance banned slavery in the NW.
21
New cards
Founding Fathers' philosophy
Natural rights, republican virtue, limited government.
22
New cards
Shays's Rebellion & significance
Farmers revolted over taxes; exposed weakness of Articles → Constitutional Convention.
23
New cards
Writing of the Constitution & ratification debate
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists; resulted in stronger federal gov. & Bill of Rights.
24
New cards
Whiskey Rebellion
Farmers protested excise tax; Washington enforced law → demonstrated federal authority.
25
New cards
Washington as president / Farewell Address
Warned against political parties & foreign alliances.
26
New cards
Hamilton vs. Jefferson
Hamilton: strong federal gov., industry; Jefferson: agrarian democracy, states' rights.
27
New cards
Bank of the United States
Created by Hamilton to stabilize the economy.
28
New cards
Strict vs. loose interpretations of the Constitution
Jefferson = strict construction; Hamilton = loose construction.
29
New cards
Formation of political parties
Grew from Hamilton-Jefferson conflicts.
30
New cards
The tariff issue
Protective tariffs helped industry but hurt the South.
31
New cards
Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions
States claimed right to nullify federal laws (Alien & Sedition Acts).
32
New cards
Revolution of 1800
Peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans.
33
New cards
Marshall Court
Strengthened federal power & judicial review.
34
New cards
Jefferson as president
Reduced federal size but kept some Federalist policies.
35
New cards
Louisiana Purchase
Doubled U.S. size; raised constitutional questions.
36
New cards
Jefferson's foreign policy
Embargo Act hurt U.S. trade.
37
New cards
War of 1812
Caused by impressment & frontier conflicts; boosted nationalism.
38
New cards
Hartford Convention
Federalist opposition to war; hurt their reputation.
39
New cards
Nationalism & sectionalism post-War of 1812
Pride grew but regional differences intensified.
40
New cards
American System
Henry Clay plan: tariff, national bank, internal improvements.
41
New cards
Characteristics of 19th-century panics
Economic downturns caused by speculation, credit issues.
42
New cards
Missouri Compromise
Maintained slave/free balance; set 36°30′ line.
43
New cards
Monroe Doctrine
Warned Europe against colonizing the Americas.
44
New cards
Maysville Road veto
Jackson opposed federal funding for internal improvements.
45
New cards
Election of 1824
"Corrupt bargain" between Adams & Clay.
46
New cards
Jacksonian Democrats; the Whig Party
Democrats favored limited gov.; Whigs favored active gov. & economic development.
47
New cards
Jackson's Indian policy
Indian Removal Act → Trail of Tears.
48
New cards
Jackson and the B.U.S.
Vetoed Bank recharter; shifted funds to "pet banks."
49
New cards
Jackson, tariff, and nullification / S.C. Exposition & Protest
South Carolina claimed right to nullify tariffs; Jackson threatened force.
50
New cards
Webster-Hayne Debate
Debated states' rights vs. federal authority.
51
New cards
Early immigration & immigration issues
Growing Irish & German immigration caused job and cultural tensions.
52
New cards
Nativism and the Know-Nothing Party
Anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic political movement.
53
New cards
Second Great Awakening
Religious revival inspiring reform and social activism.
54
New cards
Transcendentalism
Movement emphasizing nature, individuality, and intuition.
55
New cards
19th-Century art & literature
Hudson River School, American themes & identity.
56
New cards
Early industrial revolution: society & economy
Shift to factories; growth of wage labor & urbanization.
57
New cards
Textile workers
Lowell mill girls; early labor activism.
58
New cards
Slavery / Southern justification for slavery
Claimed biblical & racial arguments; essential for economy.
59
New cards
American Colonization Society
Promoted sending freed African Americans to Africa.
60
New cards
Reform movements
Included abolition, women's rights, temperance, prisons, education, Utopias.
61
New cards
Cult of domesticity / republican motherhood
Women as moral guardians of home & children.
62
New cards
Market Revolution
Transformation in transportation, technology, and economy.
63
New cards
Antebellum transportation: problems & impact
Roads, canals, railroads → linked markets & spurred growth.
64
New cards
Texan independence & annexation issue
Texas won independence, later annexed → slavery controversy.
65
New cards
Manifest Destiny
Belief that U.S. was destined to expand west.
66
New cards
Mexican War
U.S. gained Southwest territory; reignited slavery debates.
67
New cards
Issues & crises leading to the Civil War
Sectionalism, slavery expansion, states' rights, failed compromises.
68
New cards
Republican Party & its platform
Opposed spread of slavery, supported modernization.
69
New cards
Southern way of life
Plantation economy; strict social hierarchy.
70
New cards
Union vs. Confederate resources in the Civil War
North: industry, population; South: military leadership, defensive strategy.
71
New cards
Goals of the Confederates
Independence and protection of slavery.
72
New cards
Emancipation of slaves / Confiscation Acts
Allowed Union to seize Confederates' enslaved people; paved way for Emancipation Proclamation.
73
New cards
Lincoln as president
Preserved the Union; expanded executive power.
74
New cards
Post-Civil War Southern economy, society, & Black Codes
Sharecropping, racial control laws, economic hardship.
75
New cards
Reconstruction: presidential & congressional
Johnson = lenient; Congress = strict, military rule, rights for freedpeople.
76
New cards
Reconstruction Amendments (13th, 14th, 15th)
Ended slavery, granted citizenship, protected voting rights.
77
New cards
Post-Civil War economy
Industrial growth in North; continued Southern struggles.