Untitled Flashcards Set

AMSTUD

Disarmament Washington Conference (1921)

A meeting of major naval powers that resulted in naval disarmament agreements.

Five-Power Treaty

A treaty that limited naval armaments and established a ratio of warships among the U.S., UK, Japan, France, and Italy.

Nine-Power Treaty

A treaty affirming the Open Door Policy in China and respecting Chinese sovereignty.

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

An international agreement that renounced war as a means of resolving disputes.

War debts

Monetary obligations owed by countries after World War I.

Reparations

Payments imposed on Germany after World War I to compensate the Allied nations.

Dawes Plan (1924)

A plan to manage German reparations payments and stabilize the German economy.

Good Neighbor Policy

A U.S. diplomatic policy aimed at improving relations with Latin American countries.

Pan-American Conferences

A series of meetings among countries in the Americas to promote cooperation and trade.

Recognition of the Soviet Union

The U.S. formal acknowledgment of the Soviet government in 1933.

Independence of the Philippines

The 1946 granting of freedom to the Philippines from U.S. rule.

Reciprocal trade agreements

Trade agreements that lower tariffs between countries to promote trade.

Japanese aggression in Manchuria

The invasion of Manchuria by Japan in 1931, leading to international tensions.

Stimson Doctrine

The U.S. policy of refusing to recognize territories acquired by force.

Axis Powers

The coalition of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Benito Mussolini

The founder of the Italian Fascist Party and dictator of Italy.

Fascist Party

A political party in Italy led by Mussolini that embraced authoritarian nationalism.

Fascism

A far-right political ideology that emphasizes strong, centralized authority and nationalism.

Nazi Party

The National Socialist German Workers' Party led by Adolf Hitler.

Adolf Hitler

The dictator of Nazi Germany who initiated World War II.

Spanish Civil War

A conflict from 1936 to 1939 between Republicans and Nationalists in Spain.

War Production Board

A U.S. government agency that coordinated production during World War II.

Office of Price Administration

The agency responsible for regulating prices and rationing goods during WWII.

Federal spending

Government expenditure which increased dramatically during WWII to support the war effort.

Accumulated debt

The total amount of money that a government owes at any given time.

Business and industry

The sectors that were mobilized to support wartime production efforts.

Research and development

Investment in innovation and technology to advance military capabilities.

Manhattan Project

The secret U.S. project to develop the atomic bomb.

Office of War Information

A U.S. government agency that disseminated propaganda during WWII.

'The Good War'

The perception of World War II as a morally justified and noble war.

Wartime migrations

Population movements that occurred as a result of the war effort.

Battle of the Atlantic

The struggle for control of the Atlantic sea routes during WWII.

'Strategic bombing'

A military strategy aimed at destroying an enemy's economic capability.

Dwight Eisenhower

The Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Europe during WWII.

D-Day

The Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, marked as a turning point in WWII.

Holocaust

The genocide of six million Jews and others by the Nazi regime.

Battle of Midway

A crucial naval battle in the Pacific Theater during WWII.

Island hopping

A military strategy used by the Allies in the Pacific to capture strategic islands.

Douglas MacArthur

The U.S. general who led Allied forces in the Pacific during WWII.

Kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots who targeted Allied ships during the war.

J. Robert Oppenheimer

The scientific director of the Manhattan Project.

Atomic bomb

A powerful weapon developed during WWII that uses nuclear reactions.

Hiroshima

The Japanese city where the first atomic bomb was dropped on August 6, 1945.

Francisco Franco

The dictator of Spain who led the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War.

Ethiopia

The African nation invaded by Italy in 1935.

Rhineland

The demilitarized zone where Hitler re-militarized in 1936.

Sudetenland

A region in Czechoslovakia annexed by Germany in 1938.

Munich

The 1938 agreement where Britain and France appeased Hitler by letting him annex Sudetenland.

Appeasement

The policy of conceding to aggression by a warlike nation.

Poland

The country invaded by Germany, prompting the start of WWII.

Blitzkrieg

A rapid military attack strategy employed by Germany during WWII.

Gerald Nye

The U.S. Senator known for his committee investigating the causes of WWI.

Neutrality Acts

Laws passed to prevent U.S. involvement in foreign conflicts during the 1930s.

America First Committee

An organization that opposed U.S. intervention in WWII.

Charles Lindbergh

A prominent advocate of isolationism and member of the America First Committee.

Isolationism

The U.S. foreign policy of avoiding involvement in international conflicts.

Quarantine speech

FDR's 1937 speech proposing to take action against aggressor nations.

'Cash and carry'

The policy allowing the sale of arms to Britain as long as they paid upfront.

Selective Service Training and Service Act (1940)

Legislation that established the first peacetime draft in U.S. history.

Destroyers-for-bases deal

An agreement between the U.S. and Britain to trade destroyers for base rights.

Third term (FDR)

Franklin D. Roosevelt's election to a third term in 1940, unprecedented in U.S. history.

Wendell Willkie

The Republican candidate who ran against FDR in the 1940 presidential election.

'Four freedoms'

FDR's four essential freedoms: speech, worship, from want, and from fear.

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

The program under which the U.S. supplied Allied nations with war material.

Atlantic Charter

A joint declaration by FDR and Churchill outlining post-war goals.

Pearl Harbor

The site of the surprise attack by Japan on December 7, 1941.

Civil rights

The rights of individuals to receive equal treatment before the law.

'Double V'

The campaign for victory against fascism abroad and racial discrimination at home.

Executive order to prohibit discrimination

A directive issued by President Truman to prevent discrimination in the workforce.

Smith v. Allwright

A Supreme Court case that outlawed the white primary elections.

Braceros

Mexican laborers allowed into the U.S. under a government program during WWII.

Internment camps

Places where Japanese Americans were forcibly relocated during WWII.

Korematsu v. U.S.

A Supreme Court case that upheld the internment of Japanese Americans.

'Rosie the Riveter'

An iconic figure representing women working in factories during WWII.

Wartime solidarity

The unity among Americans during WWII despite differing backgrounds.

Harry S. Truman

The U.S. president who succeeded FDR and led the country during the final stages of WWII.

Big Three

The leaders of the U.S., UK, and Soviet Union during WWII.

Casablanca

The 1943 meeting where Allied leaders planned the next phase of the war.

'Unconditional surrender'

The demand that Axis powers surrender without any negotiated settlements.

Tehran

The 1943 conference where Allied leaders coordinated strategy against the Axis Powers.

Yalta

The 1945 meeting between Allied leaders to discuss post-war reorganization.

Free elections

Elections that are fair and competitive, discussed at Yalta regarding Eastern Europe.

Potsdam

The 1945 conference where Allied leaders issued an ultimatum to Japan.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote peace and cooperation.

Atomic weapons

Nuclear bombs developed during WWII to be used against Axis powers.

Nagasaki

The second Japanese city bombed with an atomic bomb on August 9, 1945.