Unit 2 Biochemistry

Inhibitors prevent the ______ from reacting with the _______.

Prevent the substrate from reacting with the enzyme.

A property of a molecule where one side has a net negative charge and the other side has a net positive charge.

Polarity.

What is another name for macromolecules?

Organic molecules or biological molecules.

main source

Carbohydrate A polymer that is the ________ of quick energy for organisms.

proteins structure

It changes the ________ (shape) and function.

Cellulose makes plants ______ and is found in the _______.

Rigid and cell wall.

phospholipids

Lipid A family of molecules such as fats, ________, & steroids, that are insoluble in water.

Macromolecules are....

Large molecules formed by polymerization.

Reactants

Elements that start (or enter) the reaction.

Ex

water beads

Ex

meniscus in a GC

MIXTURES

SOLVENTS AND SOLUTIONS

Ex

salt water

Ex

Blood

Interchangeable names are

ORGANIC MOLECULES, and BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

Ex

Glucose and fructose

Ex

Glycogen, starch, and cellulose

Ex

Fats, oils, and waxes

Saturated fatty acid

Solid, bad cholesterol, and straight structure

Unsaturated fatty acid

Liquid, good cholesterol, and has kinks in structure

Structural

Hair, nails, bones

Transport

Hemoglobin

Movement

Muscles

Defense

Antibodies

Ex

Valine and serine

Ex

Collagen, actin/myosin

Ex

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

Ex

DNA, RNA

Three particles that make up an atom are....

Protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Elements with different numbers of neutrons are...

Isotopes.

An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the _____ or ____ of one or more electrons.

Loss or gain.

A _____ is composed of two or more separate elements.

Compound.

An attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms.

Chemical bond.

The two main types of bonds are...

Ionic and covalent.

Ionic bond means __________ electrons.

Transferred.

Covalent bond means ____________ electrons.

Shared.

Polarity that attracts a molecule to itself.

Cohesion.

Polarity that allows for attraction to different substances.

Adhesion.

Adhesion and cohesion both contribute to?

Surface tension and capillary action.

Elastic like force existing in the surface of a body, especially a liquid, tending to minimize the area of a surface.

Surface tension.

A force in trees and roots that helps water stick so it can move to the tops of plants.

Capillary action.

Name at least THREE of the four main properties of water.

1. Polar
2. Adhesive
3. Cohesive
4. Capillary action and surface tension.

When two or more elements are mixed together, not chemically bonded.

A mixture.

Give an example of a mixture.

Salt water, etc.

A mixture of two or more substances where the molecules are dissolved.

A solution.

Give an example of a solution.

Blood, etc.

A solution is a mixture, but a mixture is NOT a(n) __________.

Solution.

The substance that dissolved in the solution.

Solute.

The substance that does the dissolving in the solution.

Solvent.

The universal solvent is......

Water.

A mixture of water and non-dissolved material. Water's movement keeps the particles suspended.

Suspension.

The pH of acids range from number ____ to number _____.

One through six.

The neutral pH is ______.

Seven.

The pH scale goes from number ____ to number _____.

Zero through fourteen.

The pH of bases ranges from number ____ to number _____.

Eight to fourteen.

Bases or weak acids that react with strong acids to prevent sudden changes in pH.

Buffers.

In macromolecules small molecules are called _______.

Monomers.

Monomers join together to great larger molecules called....

Polymers.

All macromolecules contain these three elements:

Oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon.

List the four different biological molecules.

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

A ring like structure is the structure of what organic molecule?

Carbohydrates.

Glucose and Fructose are an example of what monomer?

Monosaccharide.

What biological molecule is the main source of energy immediate energy for cells?

Carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates are composed of...

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Carbohydrate monomers are called _________________.

Monosaccharide.

Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are an example of what polymer?

Polysaccharide.

Carbohydrate polymers are called _________________.

Polysaccharide.

Polysaccharide and Monosaccharide are under what macromolecule?

Carbohydrates.

The macromolecule that is shaped somewhat like an E.

Lipid.

Stores energy for the long term.

Lipids.

Makes membranes.

Lipids.

Insulates organisms.

Lipids.

What organic molecule is non-polar?

Lipids.

What are glycerol and fatty acids the subunits of?

Lipids.

Examples of lipids?

Fats, oils, waxes, and butter.

What is unique about the structure of saturated fatty acids?

It is straight.

What is unique about the structure of unsaturated fatty acids?

It has kinks in the structure.

Amino group, Carboxyl group, and the R group are all subunits of?

Proteins.

Protein monomers are called _______ ______.

Amino acids.

Valine and serine are examples of?

Amino acids.

Protein polymers are called __________ or _____________________.

Protein (obvious ik) or polypeptides.

Collagen and actin are examples of what?

Polypeptides.

Proteins are held together by?

Peptide bonds.

Stores and transmits genetic information that is used to make proteins.

Nucleic Acids.

Protein synthesis is a function of?

Nucleic Acids.

Carbon sugars are a part of?

Nucleic Acids.

Nitrogen bases are a part of?

Nucleic Acids.

The phosphate group is a part of?

Nucleic Acids.

Nucleic Acids monomers are called?

Nucleotides.

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil are examples of?

Nucleotides.

Nucleic Acids polymers are called?

Nucleic acids or polynucleotides.

DNA and RNA are examples of?

Polynucleotides. (NA)

AB → A + B
This equation is an example of what reaction?

Decomposition.

A + B → AB
This equation is an example of what reaction?

Synthesis.

_____________ reactions are the creation of molecules by the removal of water.

Dehydration.

________________ is the breaking apart molecules due to the addition of water.

Hydrolysis.

Proteins that act as biological catalysts (speed up reactions)

Enzymes.

A ____________ is the reactants of the enzyme-catalyst reactions.

Substrate.

An ______________ works like a lock and key.

Enzyme-substrate complex.

pH, temperature and inhibitors all affect the performance of......

Enzymes.