bio 369 exam 2 set

Sustainability

The ability of a food system to provide sufficient energy and essential nutrients required for health without compromising future generations.

Nutritional Sustainability

An approach that ensures food systems provide necessary nutrients while protecting resources for future generations.

Eutrophication

Nutrient accumulation in water systems that leads to excessive algae growth, often resulting from agricultural runoff.

Carbon Footprint

Expressed as kcal energy input/kcal protein output or kg CO2 emitted/kg product output, indicating environmental impact.

Water Footprint

The total volume of freshwater used to produce a product, including blue, green, and gray water components.

Anthropomorphism

Attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities, such as animals.

Mycotoxins

Toxic compounds produced by certain fungi that contaminate crops, potentially affecting food safety.

Life Cycle Assessment

A technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all stages of a product's life from cradle to grave.

Social Equity in Sustainability

Consideration of food quality, safety, employment, and welfare in sustainable practices.

Greenhouse Gases

Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide that trap heat in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.

Ingredient Selection in Pet Food

The process by which pet food companies choose components based on factors such as nutrition, cost, and environmental impact.

Environmental Stressors

Factors such as carbon, water, and nitrogen cycles that impact sustainability in food production.

Processing and Transportation Issues

Factors affecting the sustainability and efficiency of food production related to distance traveled and business activities.

Employee Welfare in Sustainable Practices

Consideration of the quality of life and working conditions for individuals involved in food production.

Pet Food Industry Challenges

Issues related to ingredient selection, nutrient composition, production efficiency, and safety that affect pet health and sustainability.

Agricultural Energy Inputs

Inputs like fertilizers, machinery, fuels, irrigation, and pesticides that contribute to food production.

Prescription Diet

Specially formulated food intended for specific health issues.

Gastrointestinal Diseases

Conditions affecting the digestive system, including diarrhea and vomiting.

Diarrhea

A common gastrointestinal condition characterized by loose, watery stools.

Bland Diet

A dietary treatment for acute diarrhea consisting of easily digestible foods.

Elimination Diet

A dietary strategy where specific ingredients are removed to identify food allergies.

Cutaneous Adverse Food Reaction (CAFR)

A dermatologic condition often related to food allergies or intolerances.

Hyperthyroidism

A condition in cats where the thyroid gland produces too many hormones.

Diabetes Mellitus

A metabolic condition characterized by high blood sugar levels.

Chronic Kidney Disease

A gradual loss of kidney function over time, common in older pets.

Struvite Urolithiasis

Formation of urinary stones caused by high magnesium levels and alkaline urine.

Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis

Formation of urinary stones associated with excess calcium and acidic urine.

Urate Urolithiasis

Formation of urinary stones due to altered purine metabolism, seen in certain breeds.

Copper-Storage Disease

An inherited condition where copper accumulates in the liver, affecting certain breeds.

Periodontal Disease

Dental disease caused by plaque buildup and lack of dental hygiene.

Cancer Cachexia

Weight loss associated with cancer that cannot be explained by reduced food intake.

Obesity

A nutritional disorder characterized by excessive fat accumulation, affecting health.

Body Condition Score (BCS)

A method to assess a pet's body fat and overall health status.

Maintenance Energy Requirements (MER)

The number of calories required to maintain a pet's current body weight.

Energy Expenditure

The total amount of energy used by a pet for all activities.

Social Facilitation

Increased food intake by animals when eating in the presence of others.

Kibble

A type of dry pet food that is often used for dogs and offers dental health benefits.

Moist Foods

Canned pet foods that can aid in hydration and tend to be more palatable.

CVM

Center for Veterinary Medicine, a branch of the FDA that regulates animal feed.

AAFCO

Association of American Feed Control Officials; establishes guidelines for pet food labeling and nutrition.

Product Name Rules

Regulations concerning the naming of pet food products, including percentage of ingredients.

95% Rule

A rule that requires a named ingredient to constitute at least 95% of the food excluding moisture.

25% Rule

A rule that states a named ingredient must make up at least 25% but less than 95% of the product.

3% Rule

A rule that requires at least 3% of an ingredient to be present if it is mentioned in the label, but outside the product name.

Nutritional Adequacy

The condition wherein a diet meets the nutrient requirements for the intended animal.

Ingredient Definitions

Common names and definitions of ingredients as established by AAFCO to ensure proper labeling.

Canidae

The biological family that includes dogs, wolves, foxes, and other similar animals.

Carnivores

Animals that primarily eat meat; Canidae are classified as carnivores but are not obligate carnivores like cats.

Natural diet

The diet that an animal would eat in the wild, which for Canidae includes mammals, insects, and vegetation.

Canis familiaris

The scientific name for the domestic dog.

Coat

The fur covering on a dog; serves purposes related to survival and aesthetics.

Nutritional Philosophy

The framework guiding dietary choices, with terms such as Natural, Traditional, Raw, Cooked, and Grain-free.

AAFCO

The Association of American Feed Control Officials, which establishes guidelines for pet food labeling and nutritional adequacy.

Mercy of estival

A measure of daily caloric requirements for canines, calculated based on weight.

Grain-free diet

A dietary option that excludes grains, sometimes based on the misconception that grains are unhealthy.

Nutritional adequacy statement

A statement required by AAFCO indicating that a pet food meets established nutrient profiles.

Digestive system

The biological system responsible for the digestion of food, which in dogs is more suited for raw rather than cooked food.

Protein

A necessary macronutrient in both animal and dog diets, essential for growth and repair.

Carbohydrates

Sugars and starches that provide energy; excess in the form of fillers can lead to nutritional issues.

Dietary fat

A macronutrient that provides energy and essential fatty acids; needed in balanced amounts for canine health.

Life stage nutritional needs

Different nutritional requirements based on the life stage of the dog (puppy, adult, senior).

Energy

The capability of doing work; a physical property of matter.

Free Energy (ΔG)

The proportion of energy available for doing work; if negative, the reaction can occur spontaneously, if positive, it requires input of energy.

Calorie (c)

Energy in the form of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g (1ml) of water from 14.5 to 15.5°C.

Kilocalorie (kcal)

Equivalent to 1000 calories; often referred as Calorie (C) in food energy.

Joule (J)

Energy in the form of force when one newton is displaced a distance of one meter.

Energy Density

Determines whether the concentration of a nutrient in a diet is adequate, too low, or too high.

Amino Acids

Organic compounds that combine to form proteins; essential for various biological functions.

Taurine

An essential amino acid for cats, important for retina, cardiac, and skeletal muscle functionality.

AAFCO

Association of American Feed Control Officials; sets the standards for pet food nutritional adequacy.

Metabolizable Energy (ME)

Energy available for maintenance, growth, and reproduction after subtracting the energy lost in feces and urine.

Gross Energy (GE)

Maximum energy that can theoretically be obtained from food.

Net Energy (NE)

Metabolizable energy minus heat production, important in animal agriculture.

Energy Requirements

The specific energy needs of an organism based on factors like body weight and activity level.

Obligate Carnivores

Animals that must eat meat for survival as they require certain nutrients only found in animal products.

Arginine

An essential amino acid for cats involved in the urea cycle; deficiency can lead to ammonia toxicity.

Vitamin A

Essential for cats and cannot be provided via Beta-carotene; required retinoids are found exclusively in animal products.

Vitamin D

Must be supplemented in the diet of cats as they cannot synthesize it in their skin.

Niacin

Vitamin B3 that cannot be synthesized from Tryptophan in cats; deficiency can cause severe issues.