VTAH 145 FINAL EXAM REVIEW

What is the function of the reproductive system?

Works to ensure survival of the species of the animal

True/False: reproductive structures are not essential to the life of an animal

True

Where are the male reproductive cells formed?

Testes

Where are the testicles located?

Outside the body in the scrotum.

Define spermatogenesis

Production and development of spermatozoa (sperm)

Where in the testes are spermatozoa produced?

seminiferous tubules

_______ are male sex hormones

Androgens

Where are androgens produced?

Interstitial cells of the seminiferous tubules

What does the spermatic cord contain?

blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, vas deferens

What structure in the spermatic cord is important for heat exchange?

Pampiniform plexus

Where do the testicles begin development?

In the abdomen before birth

Name the process that is responsible for gradually pulling the testes in to the scrotum

Gubernaculum

Name the ring the testes will pass through when pulled towards the scrotum

Inguinal ring

Define cryptorchidism

When one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum

What muscle adjusts the position of the testes depending on temperature?

Cremaster muscle

What is the purpose of the scrotum and testes being kept outside of the body?

Must be kept cooler than the body temperature

Name the storage site for maturing sperm

epididymis

What. is the purpose of the vas deferens?

transport sperm from epididymis to urethra during ejaculation

What is semen made up of?

Spermatozoa + secretions from accessory glands

What is the purpose of the accessory reproductive glands?

Produce alkaline fluid to help counteract acidity of female reproductive tract

Bulbourethral glands are also known as:

Cowper's glands

True/False: Cowper's glands are not found in dogs

True

What structure in the penis is responsible for "the tie"

Bulb of glans

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

seminiferous tubules

Name the structures of the female reproductive system (7)

Ligaments, ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva

Name the ligament at the ovarian end

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

Name the ligament at the tip of uterine horn caudal to inguinal ring

Round ligament of the uterus

State the 2 main functions of the ovaries

Produce gametes, produce hormones

What is the production of gametes in the ovaries called?

Oogeneesis

What hormones are produced by the ovaries?

Estrogen and progestins

True/False: the female has a fixed number of primary oocytes at or soon after birth

True

What is the purpose of the oviducts

Guide ova from ovary to uterus

Name the site of fertilisation in the femlale

oviducts

What structure "catches" the ova and brings into the infundibulum

Fimbriae

Name the smooth muscle sphincter between body of the uterus and the vagina

The cervix

Vulva is normally tightly closed except during _________ and __________

Estrus and parturition

The nervous system uses _______ to carry ________

Chemicals; messages

What is produced by neurons within the nervous system?

Neurotransmitters

True/False: the nervous system travels short distances across synapses

True

Which system has a quicker reaction time to changes: nervous system or endocrine system?

Nervous system.

Hormones being secreted directly into the bloodstream is apart of which system?

Endocrine system

Neurons=. ?

nerve cells

Name the basic, functional unit of. The nervous system

Neurons

True/False: neurons do NOT have a high requirement for oxygen

False. They have a high requirement for oxygen

True/False: neurons cannot reproduce but can regenerate cell processes

True

Name the central cell body or soma.

Perikaryon

Name the part of the neuron structure that receives stimuli

Denrite

Name the part of the neuron structure that conducts nerve impulses away from cell

Axons

Name the 3 specialised cells that make up the myelin sheath

Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, Nodes of Ranvier

What is the purpose of the Nodes of Ranvier in the Myelin sheath?

They are gaps in the Myelin sheath. Works to speed up nerve conduction.

True/False: Myelinated axons conduct impulses faster than those with no sheath myelin

True

What colour does myelin appear?

White

What are nervous tissues containing many myelinated axons referred to as?

White matter

"Grey matter" refers to:

Nervous tissue that is composed of cell bodies

Which organization of the nervous system conducts impulses towards CNS?

Sensory nerves

What is the purpose of motor nerves?

Conduct impulses away from CNS

What system is mostly made up of mixed nerves?

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

What nerves make up the peripheral nervous system?

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves

What does ANS stand for?

Autonomic nervous system

State the 2 divisions of the ANS

Parasympathetic Nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system

What is the purpose of the Parasympathetic nervous system?

Maintains normal body functions

What is the purpose of the sympathetic nervous system?

Fight or flight

True/False: Axons receives the nerve impulse

False. They send out nerve impulses

True/False: dendrites conducts the nerve impulse away from the cell body

False. Receives stimuli

True/False: Perikaryon is also known as the soma

True

True/False: CNS does not include the brain

FALSE duh

True/ False: in a fight or flight situation, activity in the gastrointestinal tract is increased.

True

State the 3 parts of neuron conduction

Resting state, depolarisation, repolarisation

What happens during depolarisation?

Neuron receives external stimuli resulting in an action potential

What happens during repolarisation?

Resting state is restored

Define threshold stimulus

When stimulus needs to be strong enough to reach the threshold stimulus and cause complete depolarisation to create a nerve impulse

What is the refractory period?

Very brief time period when a neuron is insensitive to additional stimuli

What stage is the cell when in the refractory period?

In depolarisation/ early repolarisation

Define saltatory conduction

Rapid means of conducting an action potential

Depolarisation in myelinated axons can only take place at:

Nodes of Ranvier

What is the synapse?

Junction between 2 neurons OR a neuron and a target cell

What is the synaptic cleft?

Gap between 2 adjacent neurons

What is the presynaptic neuron?

Brings depolarisation way to synapse, releases transmitter

What is the postsynaptic neuron?

Contains receptors for the neurotransmitter

State the 2 types of neurotransmitters

Excitatory neurotransmitters, inhibitory neurotransmitters

What do excitatory neurotransmitters do?

Begins a new impulse

What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do?

Moving the charge within the postsynaptic cell farther away from threshold

What part of the nervous system is known as the "body's link to the outside world"

Peripheral nervous system

What part of the nervous system is known as the "body's master control unit"

Central nervous system

State the 2 nervous systems that make up the peripheral nervous system

The autonomic nervous system, the somatic nervous system

State the 2 parts that make up the autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system

What 3 parts are involved in synaptic transmission?

Axon, synaptic knob, vesicles

What causes vesicles to dump neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft?

Depolarisation wave

State the excitatory neurotransmitters (2)

Acetylcholine, catecholamines

State the inhibitory neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine, gammma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), Glycine

State the 3 types of catecholamine

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine

What is acetylcholinesterase?

An enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine

what does grey matter in the brain contain?

Contains most of the neuron cell bodies

What does white matter ointment the brain contain?

Contains most of the myelinated nerve fibres

What part of the brain is known as the largest?

Cerebrum

What functions is the cerebrum responsible for? (3)

Learning, behaviour, voluntary control of movement

What structure is the second largest component of the brain?

Cerebellum

What functions is the cerebellum responsible for? (4)

Responsible for coordinated movement, balance, posture, complex reflexes

Name the associated structures of the diencephalon (3)

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary

State the functions of the diencephalon part of the he brain (4)

Temperature regulation, hunger/thirst, pain/rage, anger responses