American Government (5th Edition) Chapter 5 & Vocab [McClain, Tauber]

The protections against unequal treatment that the government guarantees to all groups.

Civil Rights

________________________________, or the classification of a set of people based on defined criteria, is a fluid concept that is particularly relevant in the examination of civil rights.

Group designation

A socially constructed classification of people based on their physical characteristics, especially skin color.

Race

Louisiana and North Carolina used the _____________________________________________ (one great-great grandparent), but most states used a __________________________ standard; if at least one great-grandparent was ___________, a person was legally considered to be __________.

Grandfather Clause, one-sixteenth criterion, one-eighth Black, Black

A socially constructed classification of people based on national origin or culture.

Ethnicity

Social relations between the sexes and attitudes about how the sexes interact and the roles that society assumes they will play.

Gender

The extent to which one group enjoys more political, social, or economic benefits than another group.

Inequality

A form of inequality in which laws or official actions deny specific groups social, political, or economic benefits that are available to other groups.

Inequality of Opportunity

An example of Inequality of Opportunity was: Until the twentieth century, many state laws, written by exclusively male lawmakers, discriminated against __________ by denying them the opportunity to pursue ______________________________, _______, or _______________________________.

women, certain professions, vote, own property

A form of inequality in which social and demographic forces, not official laws or policies, cause one group to enjoy more political, social, or economic benefits than another group.

Inequality of Outcome

A good example of Inequality of Outcomes is:

Women receiving less pay for the same positions as male colleagues.

Physical separation of a dominant group from a subordinate group. During the era of a Jim Crow segregation and before the Civil Rights Act, Blacks and Whites were forced to use different restrooms and drink from different fountains.

Segregation

When Southern White society insisted on segregating public schools until the 1960s, they operated on the belief that _____________________________________________________________________________ with their White children.

Black children were inferior and should not associate

Segregation almost always results in ____________ enjoyment of ______________, ____________, and ______________ benefits.

unequal, political, social, economic

In the segregated South, Black schools received far _____ public money and were provided with _________________________________________ compared to White schools.

less, lower-quality facilities

Physical separation of groups that results from laws or official government actions.

De Jure Segregation

A good example of De Jure Segregation was:

When state laws mandated separate schools for Black and White children

Physical separation of groups that is not legally sanctioned or imposed by the government but instead stems from individual preferences and economic forces.

De Facto Segregation

A good example of De Facto Segregation is:

Many schools and neighborhoods today are still overwhelmingly White, Black, or Latino because vestiges of past discrimination, discriminatory lending policies, and economic forces have resulted in housing patterns that separate people by race or ethnicity.

________, ______________________, and _______________ are all examples of group designation

Race, Gender Identity, and Ethnicity

Africans were first brought to the Western Hemisphere as slaves during the ________ to meet _______________________________ in burgeoning agricultural industries.

1600s, labor shortages

An original draft of the _________________________________________________________________ reprimanded the King of England for his role in the slave trade, but the authors struck this clause from the final document because many of the ________________________________________________________________, including Thomas Jefferson, owned ____________.

Declaration of Independence, delegates to the Continental Congress, slaves.

After the establishment of the American Republic, the U.S. Constitution did not give any rights to ______________________________________; each state determined its own policy on ____________________________.

slaves or free Blacks, civil rights.

Free Blacks could vote only in the states of ________________, ___________________________, ____________________________, _____________, ___________________, and _______________________________, and even in those states Blacks were subject to ___________________________________________________.

New York, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Maine, Vermont, and New Hampshire, segregation and unequal treatment.

Nineteenth-century political activists who sought to end slavery.

Abolitionists

The Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. Constitution, federal laws, and slaveholders' property rights superseded the authority of states seeking to protect runaway slaves and punish slave catchers.

Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 banned slavery in newly annexed territory, which eventually became the states of ______, ________________, ________________, _____________, __________________, and _______________________________.

Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and parts of Minnesota.

In 1854, the Kansas and Nebraska Act allowed the citizens (White males) of Kansas and Nebraska to determine for themselves whether to allow ___________, even though both territories were __________ of the boundary where slavery should have been prohibited.

slavery, north

A controversial 1857 Supreme Court decision that ruled Congress lacked power to regulate slavery and Blacks had no civil rights.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

An executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War that freed the slaves in the Confederacy.

Emancipation Proclamation

This executive order (Emancipation Proclamation) freed all slaves in the Confederacy as of _______________________________.

January 1, 1863.

After the South lost the Civil War, the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in _____ officially forbade slavery throughout the United States.

1865

The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.

Thirteenth Amendment

Laws passed in Southern states during the immediate aftermath of the Civil War that singled out African Americans for mistreatment and discrimination.

Black Codes

Ratified in 1868, this amendment was designed to ensure that states gave former slaves full citizenship rights.

Fourteenth Amendment

A specific provision in the Fourteenth Amendment that prevents states from passing laws that treat people differently on account of race or ethnicity.

Equal Protection Clause

Additionally, the Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in _______, prohibited voting discrimination on account of race.

1870

The period from 1865 to 1877 in which former Confederate states were brought back into the Union, often characterized by a military presence in the South and civil rights progress for Blacks.

Reconstruction

"An Act to establish a Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees" to provide food, shelter, clothing, medical services, and land to displaced Southerners, including newly freed African Americans.

Freedman's Bureau

Support for the Freedmen's Bureau was so _______ in Congress that it overrode President ___________________________________ veto of the 1866 bill extending it.

strong, Andrew Johnson's

As a result of Reconstruction, ____________________________ voted, whereas _________________________________ could not. Consequently, many Blacks were elected to local, state, and federal offices.

African Americans ,former Confederate soldiers

The southern practice of racially segregating all public facilities, such as transportation, schools, libraries, hotels, hospitals, theaters, parks, and cemeteries

Jim Crow Laws

A controversial 1896 Supreme Court decision that ruled that under the Fourteenth Amendment, states were allowed to segregate by race.

Plessy v. Ferguson

A legal principle that allowed states to segregate the races in public facilities, as long as the state provided each race with basic access to the public facility in question.

Separate but Equal Principle

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacy organization that intimidated blacks out of their newly found liberties

A government denying a group the right to vote.

Disenfranchisement

A form of disenfranchisement in which potential voters need to demonstrate the ability to read as a condition for registering to vote.

Literacy Tests

A policy designed to disenfranchise Blacks by exempting Whites, but not Blacks, from literacy tests.

Grandfather Clauses

Thanks to disenfranchisement techniques in the twentieth century, Black voter registration in the South was __________________________________.

Extremely low.

A key turning point in civil rights history was _______________________. The war highlighted the contradiction between the American war against _________, __________, and _________________ hatred in Europe on the one hand and the atrocious treatment of African Americans in the United States on the other hand.

World War 2, racial, ethnic, religious

An economic perspective emphasizes the fact that during World War 2, the government's need for massive increases in industrial production improved ________ employment in factories, but Black employees soon clashed with __________________________________________________.

Black, White business leaders and employees.

To prevent these conflicts from disrupting the war effort, the government enacted ____________ that protected _______________________________ workers.

policies, African American

The government banned defense companies receiving federal money from employment discrimination based on ________, and it created the _____________________________________________________ to enforce this order.

race, Fair Employment Practices Committee

In 1948, President Harry Truman, who as a senator was a staunch __________________________ and had uttered numerous racist statements, issued an executive order to _____________________________________________________________________.

segregationist, desegregate the American military

In the early twentieth century, civil rights activists formed ____________ to lobby the _____________________________________ to end ______________________________________, __________________________________, and _________________________________________________.

groups, national government, de jure segregation, terrorist violence, inequality of opportunity

A group established in 1909 to pressure national, state, and local governments to increase political and economic equality, end segregation, and ensure voting rights.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

NAACP leaders recognized that because legislatures and executives were accountable only to the __________________________, those branches of government would be ____________________ to _________________________.

White electorate, unreceptive, NAACP claims

Supreme Court ruled that grandfather clauses violated the Fifteenth Amendment.

Guinn and Beal v. United States (1915)

Sponsoring ________________ became such an integral part of the NAACP that in 1940, it formed an entirely separate litigating organization known as the ___________________________________________________ to focus solely on litigating, while the main NAACP would concentrate on ________________.

litigation, NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund (LDF), lobbying

A landmark 1954 Supreme Court case that prohibited government-sponsored segregation as a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment equal protection clause.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Presidents Dwight Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy deployed ____________________ to ensure the safety of ______________________________ students entering formerly segregated schools.

armed forces, African American

The federal district court judges, who implemented the Brown decision in the local region, did not __________________________________ the ruling, and those who did often faced ___________________________________ from ____________ in their communities.

consistently enforce, considerable backlash, Whites

The Brown v. Board of Education decision was also ____________ in expanding civil rights because it did not address discrimination by private businesses, such as _________________________________________, ____________, and __________________.

limited, transportation facilities, hotels, restaurants

______________________________ organized a variety of protest strategies, including __________________________________________ discriminating against _________________________________.

Civil rights leaders, boycotts of the facilities, African Americans

1955-1956 Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus to a White passenger and was arrested. Blacks in Montgomery would walk, carpool, or found other means of transportation to deprive the bus company of the critical revenue it earned from African American patrons.

A form of protest against segregated restaurants in which Black patrons refused to move from Whites-only sections.

Sit-ins

The most significant sit-in took place in _____, when _____________________________ students _____________ to disperse from a ___________________ lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina.

1960, four Black college, refused, Whites-only

Large marches were another form of nonviolent protest that enabled civil rights leaders to show the American public and the country's political leaders the ______________________________________________________.

extent of intense opposition to discrimination.

August 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

Drew more than 250,000 Americans of all races and ethnicities; numerous civil rights organizations, labor unions, and religious groups have participated. Civil rights leader, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous and inspirational "I Have a Dream" speech.

As a result of the protests, Congress passed the ___________________________________________ to end segregation and discrimination in the private sector. The law allowed the president to deny funds to ______________________, _________, and __________________ that discriminated on account of race and ethnicity.

Civil Rights Act of 1964, federal agencies, states, localities

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 also prevented ________________ from discriminating on account of race or ethnicity in ____________, ___________, or ______________________________.

employers, hiring, firing, promotion decisions.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Empowered the federal government to supervise voting in states and localities to guarantee voting rights for African Americans.

Supreme Court decision invalidated the formula used to determine which jurisdictions were subject to preclearance.

Shelby County (AL) v. Holder (2013)

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 quickly increased __________ voting participation. In the South it increased from ___% in 1965 to ___% by 1969. In Mississippi alone, it jumped from ___ to ____%.

Black, 38, 65, 7, 67

In 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld ______________________________ as an acceptable means of achieving integrated schools.

Mandatory busing

In 1991, the Supreme Court allowed school districts to ____ busing even if de facto segregation still existed, as long as the school district showed a ________________________ that it had made a good-faith effort to _______________ schools.

end, federal judge, integrate

In 2007, though, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that ____________________________________ to public school based on race violates the _________________, even if the policy is designed to help _______________________________ minorities.

assigning students, Constitution, racial or ethnic

A 2016 government report also found that predominantly ____________________________ schools have ___________ levels of poverty and far ________ classes in math, science, and college preparation than schools with a larger percentage of ________ students.

Black and Latino, higher, fewer, White

Corrective policies that attempt to help racial and ethnic minorities (as well as women) achieve equality in education and the workforce by providing them with advantages in college admissions, hiring, promotion, and the awarding of contracts.

Affirmative Action

Many private companies gave hiring and promotion advantages to _____________, and recipients of federal, state, and local government contracts were required to ___________________________________________________________________.

minorities, subcontract to a minimum number of minority-owned businesses.

African American law professor Stephen Carter, who received some benefits from affirmative action, ____________________________________________ because they stigmatize minority professionals as being admitted to universities or hired for jobs solely because of __________________________________.

criticizes racial preferences, affirmative action

Currently, eight states (____________________________________) ban affirmative action in their public university system, whereas the remaining states do not.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Michigan, Nebraska, New Hampshire, and Washington

Supreme Court invalidated quota systems that reserved allotted spaces for racial and ethnic minorities in college and graduate school admissions.

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

Students for Fair Admissions, anti-affirmative action organization, sued Harvard University arguing that its use of affirmative designed to help Blacks and Latinos discriminated ____________________________________________.

against Asian Americans.

____ states have some form of voter ID laws and ____ states do not; however, in two of those ___ states without voter ID (Pennsylvania and North Carolina) courts overturned restrictions that the state initially adopted.

36, 14, 14

Seven states (____________________________________________) enacted extremely strict laws requiring people who fail to provide a photo identification to submit a provisional ballot that will not be counted unless they provide the identification within a few days.

Indiana, Georgia, Kansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, Virginia, and Wisconsin

A proposal to compensate African Americans for the history of slavery and discrimination

Reparations

Senate leader ________________________________ did not hold any hearings on reparations, stating that Americans living today should ______________________ for slavery

Mitch McConnell (R-KY), not be blamed

As ethnic category describing people of Spanish or Portuguese colonial ancestry from the Carribbean, North America, Central America, and South America

Latino

Since 2003, ________ have been the largest minority group in the _____________________, but this statistic is deceiving because a variety of subgroups are classified as _____________.

Latinos, United States, Latino

As a result of the American conquest of Mexico during the Mexican American War (1846-1848) and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), Mexico ceded its northern portion to the United States (the area encompassing the present states (or portions thereof) of _____________, ______________, __________, _______________, _____________________, ___________, ____________, ___________, _______________, and _________________).

California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and Wyoming

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo allowed ________________ living in the ceded land to return to Mexico or live in _____________________________, where they could become ____________________________.

Mexicans, American territory, American citizens

In ______, several Latino groups in Texas, loosely following the model of the NAACP, coalesced to form the ____________________________________________________________________________________).

1929, League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC

LULAC has also focused on improving the lives of Latinos by _____________________________________, establishing _______________________________________________________, teaching ____________, and assisting in _________________________________.

Registering them to vote, Mexican American education programs, English, economic development

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 applied to Mexican Americans, but during the late 1960s and early 1970s Mexican American civil rights activists organized ________________________________ to address social and economic issues specific to _____________.

protests and boycotts, Chicanos

In _________, Mexican American high school students in Los Angeles staged a _____________ to protest the ______________________ of Mexican Americans in their classes

1968, walkout, racist portrayal

A labor leader who founded the United Farm Workers Union, fought for better wages for Chicano agricultural workers by organizing strikes and boycotts of the agricultural products of growers who exploited Mexican farmworkers.

César Chávez

In the late 1960s, Chávez convinced consumers to boycott California grapes because of the poor working conditions Chicano farmworkers endured. Was this successful? If so, how?

Yes. Grape growers bargained with farmworkers and provided better pay and working conditions.

After Congress expanded the Voting Rights Act to cover "language minorities", it stipulated that if at least ___% of a county did not speak _________ and less than ___% of eligible citizens registered to vote in the previous election did not, then the county must print ____________________________________.

5, English, 50, bilingual ballots

Jones Act, 1917 (Puerto Rico)

Allowed Puerto Ricans to move freely to the mainland United States and conferred American citizenship on all Puerto Ricans who moved here.