PSYC3011 weeks 1-4

Misinformation is relevant to which SDG/s?

Quality education

misinformation originates from

rumours and fiction, media, and media fractionation

what factors influence the assessment of truth?

order facts are presented, text and background contrast

_______ order is more convincing to jurors

Pluralistic ignorance

the divergence between the actual prevalence of a belief in society and what we think others believe

false consensus

a belief that others share the same opinion about something, when actually most don't

Examples of false consensus in Australia

climate change denial, prejudice towards Indigenous Australians

Continued influence effect

If we learn a false truth, we continue to be influenced by it even if we have since learnt it is false.

Explanations for the continued influence effect

mental model, retrieval failure, fluency and familiarity

mental model

when there is a lack of alternative explanations to fill the gap of retracted information

retrieval failure

inability to recall the purpose and context of information

fluency and familiarity

when information "sounds right" because it is familiar and has been used before

Solutions for the continued influence effect

alternative accounts and repeated retraction

alternative account

alternative information to fill the gap of misinformation

Familiarity backfire effect

repeating the myth increases familiarity and reinforces it

solutions to the familiarity backfire effect

emphasise facts and provide pre-exposure warnings

pre-exposure warnings

precede misinformation with disclaimers and warnings

overkill backfire effect

myths are more cognitively attractive than complicated truths

solutions to the overkill backfire effect

make rebuttals simple and brief, foster healthy scepticism

worldview backfire effect

evidence that threatens worldview can strengthen initially held beliefs

does greater scientific comprehension correlate with greater perceived risk of climate change?

no, in fact the opposite is true

influence of the message recipient

the worldview of the recipient has a greater impact on their beliefs than their literacy in the subject area

egalitarian communitarians perceive:

greater risks from climate change, regardless of scientific literacy

hierarchical individualists perceive:

lesser risks from climate change, and risk perception decreases with greater scientific literacy

solutions to the worldview backfire effect

frame evidence to affirm the worldview and affirm the individual identity

Vaccination is related to SDG/s:

good health and wellbeing

Vaccination involves

individuals, providers, pharmacies, manufacturers, legislators, and government bodies

inadequate vaccine coverage

when the number of people vaccinated is below the stated goal

vaccine refusal is highest amongst

white children of university educated, high income parents

vaccine delay

receiving vaccination after the recommend age

vaccine instability

a sudden drop in vaccine coverage as a result of a safety scare

vaccine risk appraisal includes

perceived seriousness and susceptibility to illness, benefits and barriers, motivation

disease risk appraisal includes

seriousness, severity, desire to relieve worry

anticipation of regretting vaccine hesitancy influences:

intentions and behaviour to get vaccinated, and is more influential than other factors

increasing perceived risks of illnesses has

moderate effect on vaccine uptake

vaccine strategic behaviour

vaccination on a population level

'free riding'

reliance on the vaccination of others

parents are motivated by ____ to vaccinate

herd immunity

health practitioners are motivated by _____ to vaccinate

patients health

Hershey et al., hypothetical vaccine study

when pay out was based on individual score, fewer young players vaccinated. When pay out was based on group score, more young players vaccinated

altruism plays a greater role than personal safety in vaccination: T/F

False

amongst health practitioners, highlighting the altruistic benefits of vaccination increased vaccination: T/F

False

studies show what interventions are most effective in increasing vaccination?

reminders, prompts, primes, and minimising barriers

deliberation on vaccination can be minimised by

denying desirable activities like school or employment

barriers to vaccination include

lack of transport, inconvenient clinic hours high prices

reminders to vaccinate and on-site vaccination

decrease barriers and increase coverage across all groups

rewards and penalties for vaccination show mixed effectiveness: T/F

True

Disasters and refugees are related to SDG/s:

no poverty, good health and wellbeing

a disaster is:

a natural or human made event that causes damage, hardship, or loss of life across one or more strata

following disasters, distress is increased across all demographics: T/F

True

sampling problems in disaster studies

those with greater levels of distress are more likely to take part

criteria and cut-off problems for disaster studies

criteria for distress in one demographic/study may not be applicable to another

well conducted research on disasters shows mental health problems occur in a majority survivors: T/F

False

Post-disaster stress measures: measure diagnoses

useful for identifying those most affected, quantifies harmful effects, useful for policy and resource allocation. Does not consider normative responses

Post-disaster stress measures: investigate average responses

compares across conditions and types of disasters, assesses duration of impact and risk and resilience factors, is more sensitive. Does not consider resilience

risk and resilience factors are organised into 3 categories

pre, peri, and post disaster

Pre-disaster R/R factors include

age, gender, race, prior exposure, social support, economic resources, personality

peri-disaster R/R factors include

proximal exposure

post-disaster R/R factors include

distal exposure (resource loss, displacement, media exposure)

methodological issues with all disaster studies

cross-sectional and retrospective designs are subject to memory bias and causality is hard to determine. Factors are often interrelated e.g. minority and socioeconomic status

Risk and reliance factors have a _______/______ effect

cumulative/additive

Community/family support following disaster is likely to disband over time: T/F

True

disasters often strengthen interpersonal relationships and community: T/F

False

disaster fundamentally alters the community through

death, injury, and displacement

post-disaster social relations are a predictor of

resilience

prospective data suggests there is little to no change in distress outside the immediately effected populations: T/F

True

prophylactic psychological interventions

little evidence of efficacy, have been shown to worsen stress for those highly distressed

in the acute aftermath period, recommendations are

encourage reliance on community support systems

In PTSD, a stressor is defined as:

experiencing or witnessing a marked threat

PTSD criteria 1: reexperiencing

intrusive memories, flashbacks, psychological and physiological reactivity

PTSD criteria 2: active avoidance

avoid thoughts, memories, emotions, places, and situations related to the event

PTSD criteria 3: alterations in mood and cognition

Dissociative amnesia
Emotional numbing (anhedonia)
Negative affective states
Negative expectations of self/world
Blame self/others
Diminished interest
Social withdrawal

PTSD criteria 4: arousal

Sleep disturbance
Anger outbursts
Reckless behaviour
Concentration deficits
Hypervigilance
Startle response

PTSD can only be diagnosed 1 month after trauma to

avoid pathologizing normal distress reactions

Delayed onset PTSD

onset of symptoms 6 months or more post trauma

PTSD has a linear course: T/F

False

____% of individuals are exposed to trauma

70%

____% of trauma exposed people experience PTSD

4-5%

women are twice as likely to experience PTSD: T/F

True

Best treatment for PTSD

TF-CBT

Fear conditioning model of PTSD

trauma conditions fear, elevated arousal consolidates the trauma memory

PTSD in the fear conditioning model can be understood as

failed extinction learning

Limitation of TF-CBT

compared to other disorders PTSD has many presentations, many do not respond to treatment

about __% of patients respond to TF-CBT

50%

about __% of practitioners use TF-CBT

50%

challenges to the dissemination of best treatments for PTSD

fear of harm, influences from employers, resistance to treatment manuals, adherence to training modality, theoretical orientation

Reasons practitioners do not implement TF-CBT

expense, time, fear of harm, competing demands

Self-control is related to SDG/s:

responsible consumption, good health and wellbeing, climate action

Dynamically inconsistent preferences

there is tension between the immediate self's gratification and the future self who benefits from restraint

multiple co-existing selves

inconsistent preferences exist simultaneously, one must prevail over the other

competing attribute values

there is one self who must choose between the competing attributes of different choices

four dimensions of self-control

situational vs cognitive, self-deployed vs other deployed

self-deployed situational

commitment device

commitment device

self-imposed restraints that change the choice environment e.g. term deposit

self-deployed cognitive

implementation intention

implementation intention

create a plan for a behaviour. The more specific it is the more effective it is

other-deployed cognitive

making the future self relatable

making the future self relatable

when shown an image of themselves altered to look older more participants choose to invest in their retirement

situational other-deployed

defaults, planned interruptions

defaults

rather than opting in one must opt out