Nomenclature

What are saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons

• Saturated: single C-C bond (alkane)

• Unsaturated: double C=C bond (alkene)

What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon

• A hydrocarbon which has a branched chain

What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon

• A hydrocarbon with one more more cyclical structure (ring)

What is an alkyl group

• A side chain in the hydrocarbon

• When a hydrogen is taken off a carbon

  • e.g ethane: C2H6 → ethyl: C2H5

What is a functional group

• A group of atoms that are responsible for the characteristics in chemical reactions of a compound

What is a homologous series

• A series of compounds of similar structure in which each successive number differs from the next by a common repeating unit, CH3

• Series members are called homologues where all share the same general formula

What are alkanes

• Saturated straight-chained hydrocarbons

• functional group: C-C

• CnH2n +2

• suffix: -ane

• Each carbon atom has a tetrahedral shape: 109.5°

What are the molecular formulas and structural formulas for the first five alkanes

• methane: CH4

• ethane: C2H6 → CH3,CH3

• propane: C3H8 → CH3,CH2,CH3

• butane: C4H10 → CH3,CH2,CH2,CH3

How do you name organic compounds

• Stem: indicates number of carbon atoms in longest chain

• Prefix: added before stem (alkyl)

• Suffix: added after stem (end), based off functional group; -ane, -ene

What are the rules of naming an organic compound

• Number the principal chain from one end to give the largest number (stem)

• Alkyl groups are placed before stem

• Side-chain names appear in alphabetical order: butyl, ethyl, methyl, propyl

• If side-chain appears more than once, add prefix: di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa

• Numbers are separated from names by a hydrogen eg. 2-methylheptane

• Numbed are separated from other numbers by a comma eg. 2,3-dimethylbutane

• Functional groups have priority in order over alkyl groups

• Each covalent from carbon must connect to carbon of the alkyl group

What are alkenes

• unsaturated hydrocarbon

• functional group: C=C

• CnH2n

• suffix: -ene

• position of the double bond must be stated (using smallest number)

What are all the necessary functional groups

What are alcohols

• suffix: -ol

• functional group: OH

• position of OH must be stated in name (using smallest number)

What are aldehydes

• suffix: -al

• functional group: CHO

• functional group always at the end

What are ketones

• suffix: -one

• functional group: CRO

• functional group never at the end

What are carboxylic acids

• suffix: -anoic acid

• functional group: COOH

• functional group always at the end

What are haloalkanes

• prefix: bromo-, chloro-, fluoro-, iodo-

• prefix always alphabetical

• priority goes to alkyl group then halogens

What is the priority of functional groups when there are multiple in one molecule

• carboxylic acid → -oic acid

• aldehyde → -al

• ketone → -oxo (prefix)

• alcohol → -hydroxy (prefix)

• alkenes → -ene

• halogens

• alkyl groups

What is meant by structural formula

• The minimal detail using conventional groups, for an unambiguous structure

• (Alkyl groups go in brackets)

What is meant by displayed formula

Shows the relative placing of the atoms and the number of bonds between them

What is meant by skeletal formula

• The most simplified organic formula with hydrogens removed from the carbon chain

• This levels the carbon skeleton with its functional group

What is the C-H bond called and what is the definition

• sigma bond

• orbitals directly overlap between two bonding orbitals

Explain the trend in BP of alkanes as chain length increases

• molecular mass increases

• more surface area points of contact between the molecules

• leading to more LDFs

• more energy required to overcome the forces

Explain the trend of BP of alkanes as they become more branched

• fewer surface area points of contact between molecules as they are less closely packed

• so less LDFs

• less energy required to separate

What is the risk of incomplete combustion

• produces CO

• CO binds to haemoglobin, is toxic

• odourless and colourless