Nomenclature

What are saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons

• Saturated: single C-C bond (alkane)

• Unsaturated: double C=C bond (alkene)

What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon

• A hydrocarbon which has a branched chain

What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon

• A hydrocarbon with one more more cyclical structure (ring)

What is an alkyl group

• A side chain in the hydrocarbon

• When a hydrogen is taken off a carbon

  • e.g ethane: C2H6 → ethyl: C2H5

What is a functional group

• A group of atoms that are responsible for the characteristics in chemical reactions of a compound

What is a homologous series

• A series of compounds of similar structure in which each successive number differs from the next by a common repeating unit, CH3

• Series members are called homologues where all share the same general formula

What are alkanes

• Saturated straight-chained hydrocarbons

• functional group: C-C

• CnH2n +2

• suffix: -ane

• Each carbon atom has a tetrahedral shape: 109.5°

What are the molecular formulas and structural formulas for the first five alkanes

• methane: CH4

• ethane: C2H6 → CH3,CH3

• propane: C3H8 → CH3,CH2,CH3

• butane: C4H10 → CH3,CH2,CH2,CH3

How do you name organic compounds

• Stem: indicates number of carbon atoms in longest chain

• Prefix: added before stem (alkyl)

• Suffix: added after stem (end), based off functional group; -ane, -ene

What are the rules of naming an organic compound

• Number the principal chain from one end to give the largest number (stem)

• Alkyl groups are placed before stem

• Side-chain names appear in alphabetical order: butyl, ethyl, methyl, propyl

• If side-chain appears more than once, add prefix: di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa

• Numbers are separated from names by a hydrogen eg. 2-methylheptane

• Numbed are separated from other numbers by a comma eg. 2,3-dimethylbutane

• Functional groups have priority in order over alkyl groups

• Each covalent from carbon must connect to carbon of the alkyl group

What are alkenes

• unsaturated hydrocarbon

• functional group: C=C

• CnH2n

• suffix: -ene

• position of the double bond must be stated (using smallest number)

What are all the necessary functional groups

What are alcohols

• suffix: -ol

• functional group: OH

• position of OH must be stated in name (using smallest number)

What are aldehydes

• suffix: -al

• functional group: CHO

• functional group always at the end

What are ketones

• suffix: -one

• functional group: CRO

• functional group never at the end

What are carboxylic acids

• suffix: -anoic acid

• functional group: COOH

• functional group always at the end

What are haloalkanes

• prefix: bromo-, chloro-, fluoro-, iodo-

• prefix always alphabetical

• priority goes to alkyl group then halogens