Digestive System Exam

What is the function of the orbicularis oris?

ingestion of macronutrients

What is the function of the mouth

digestion (mechanical and chemical)

What tissue is the mouth?

non keritanized stratified squamous epithelium

what is the function of the oro and laryngopharynx

motility

Salivary glands function is

secretion

What 4 digestive structures are made of NKSS epi

mouth, oropharynx, laryngopharynx and esophagus

The upper esophageal sphincter is made of

skeletal muscle

The lower esophageal sphincter is made of

smooth muscle

The stomach’s mucosa is what?

simple columnar epithelium

What are the functions of the stomach

motility, digestion, absoprtion of nutrients

What tissue is the pyloric sphincter

smooth muscle

What tissue lines the mucsoa of the small intestine

simple columnar

What are the functions of the small intestine?

digestion, motility, absorption of nutrients\*, gets secretions from pancrease, gallbladder, and liver

What tissue is the mucosa of the large intestine?

simple columnar

What controls movement into the large intestine

ileocecal valve

What tissue is the ileocecal valve?

smooth muscle

What are the functions of the large intesting

digestion, motility, absorption of nutrients, gets secretions of H20

What tissue type is the mucosa of the rectum?

simple columnar epi

What tissue type is the external anal spinchter

skeletal muscle

What tissue type is the internal anal sphincter?

smooth muscle

What tissue types make up the anus?

simple columnar and non keritanized stratified squamous

The rectum and anus function for

defecation

What are the macronutrients?

carbs proteins fats

What does digestion mean?

breaking down macro into micronutrients

Secretion is substances emptied into ____ from accessory organs or cells of mucosa to perform _______

GI tract; chemical digestion

What are the 2 types of motility?

peristalsis and segmentation

peristalsis is _____ of contents along length of GI tract

propulsion

segmentation is __ __and__ ____ for mechanical digestion

mixing ; churning

absorption is movement of micronutrients from ___ __into the__ ____ __or__ _____

Gi tract; blood; lymph

What are the layers of the GI tract from internal to external

mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa

the mucosa lines the ___

lumen

The mucosa contains specific __ __or__ ____ cells

secretory ; absorptive

What lies in the mucosa to absorb nutrients

capillary beds

What tissue is the submucosa?

areolar CT

what plexus is in the submucosa?

submucosal plexus of the enteric nervous system

What are the 2 muscular layers?

inner circular and outer longitudinal

The circular muscle layer is responsible for what

contraction of lumen

The longitudinal muscle layer is responsible for what

peristalsis

The muscular layer contains what plexus

myenteric plexus of ENS

The serosa is also what

visceral layer

What tissue is the serosa

simple squamous and areolar CT

What are the serous membranes of the abdomen called

peritoneum

What are the 3 peritoneal folds?

greater omentum, lesser omentum mesentary

What structures in the mouth aid in mechanical digestion?

lips, muscles of mastication, teeth, and tongue

What structures in the mouth aid in chemical digestion?

parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands

What are the glands controlled by

autonomic nervous system

ingestion is controlled by what muscles

orbicularis oris, masseter, and temporalis

mechanical digestion in the mouth forms a

bolus

chemical digestion in the mouth is done with what

enzymes of salivary glands

What enzymes of chemical digestion are secreted in the mouth

salivary amylase and lingual lipase

What are the components of saliva

h20, ions, mucus, lysosomes, salivary, amylase and lingual lipase

Where does salivary amylase act?

in the oral cavity

Where does lingual lipase act

in stomach

What inhibits salivary amylase?

Cl-

What activates lingual lipase

stomach acid

The tounge (. ) the bolus and (. ) it to oral cavity

shapes; moves

What is the stimulus to ingestion?

\-bolus moved posteriorly

\-distension of oropharynx

what is the control center for ingestion?

pons and medulla

What is the order to ingestion after stimulated? (5)

1- tongue and soft palate elevate 2- epiglottis depresses 3- UES relaxes 4- peristalsis 5- LES relaxes

Elevating the tongue and soft palate closes off the (. ) and (. ) and the bolus moves through the (. )

nasopharynx; oral cavity; oropharynx

Depressing the epiglottis closes off (. ) and (. ) and the bolus moves through the (. )

larynx; airway; laryngopharynx

What is decreased to relax the upper esophageal sphincter?

somatic innervation

When the UES relaxes the bolus moves into the

esophagus

What NS is increased to stimulate peristalsis in the esophagus

parasympathetic

What is the outermost layer of the esophagus and what tissue is it?

adventitia; areolar CT

Only (. ) occurs in the esophagus

peristalsis

The stomach is a (. ) for food and liquid

reservoir

The stomach has (. ) layers of smooth muscle

3

The stomach activate ______(enzyme) and secretes (. )

lingual lipase; gastric juices

What hormone does the stomach secrete into the blood

gastrin

What does the stomach absorb ( 5)

h20, ions, fatty acids, aspirin, alcohol

What tissue is the mucosa of the stomach?

simple columnar

What layer of the GI wall is unique to the stomach

oblique muscle layer

What contain the gastric cells in the stomach

gastric pits

What are the 4 types of gastric cells

surface and neck mucosal cells, parietal cells, chief cells, g cells

surface and neck cells secrete (. ) for added (. )

mucous; protection

What 2 things do parietal cells secrete?

intrinsic factor; hydrochloric acid

Intrinsic factor helps with (. ) in the (. )

b12 absorption; small intestine

What does HCl do

protein digestion and kills microbes

G cells secrete

gastrin

Gastrin stimulates (. ) activity and (. and ) cells

stomach; parietal and chief

gastrin increases

motility

gastrin stimulates contraction of the (. ) and relaxation of the (. )

LES; pyloric sphincter

Chief cells secrete what 2 things

pepsinogen and gastric lipase

What does pepsinogen do

activates to pepsin to digest protein

What process occurs in parietal cells that makes h+ ions

breaking down CO2 and h20

What pumps h+ ions out of parietal cells

K+-H+ ATPase

The blood capillary provides (. ) to a parietal cell in exchange for (. )

Cl- ; HCO3-

Where is HCl made

in lumen outside of parietal cell

What stimulates parietal cells?

Ach, gastrin, histamine

What is it called when the HCO3-/Cl- channel brings in Cl- and takes HC03- out of the blood, and when does it happen?

alkaline tide; after meals

Where is there a K+ pump on parietal cells to maintain flow of H+

apical surface

Is there carb digestion in the stomach?

no

Protein is turned into (. ) in the stomach by (. )

peptides ; pepsin

pepsinogen is actived by

HCl

Lingual lipase is activated by (. ) to turn fats into (. )

HCl; monoglycerides

Does gastric lipase need to be activated

no

Fat breaks down into (. ) and (. ) in the stomach

monglycerides and free fatty acids

Peristalsis in the stomach is (. ) and (. ) of the stomach wall

propulsion ; repulsion

Peristalsis in the stomach takes 2-4 hours because

only a little bit of chyme is emptied with each wave