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Face (in face theory)
The positive public image we seek to establish in social interactions, akin to self-image.
Positive face
An individual's desire to be liked and appreciated by others; similar to self-esteem.
Negative face
An individual's desire to protect their personal rights and freedoms in communication.
Positive politeness
Strategies that appeal to a person's positive face to enhance their self-esteem or make them feel good.
Negative politeness
Strategies that appeal to a person's negative face to avoid imposing on them.
Face-threatening acts
Communication behaviors that can damage a person's positive or negative face.
Bald on-record
A politeness strategy that involves direct communication with no attempt to lessen face-threat.
Positive politeness strategies
Methods aimed at making the listener feel good about themselves and fostering friendliness.
Negative politeness strategies
Methods designed to minimize imposition on the listener and respect their autonomy.
Off-record (indirect) strategy
A communication approach where the speaker avoids direct requests, relying on implied meaning.
Imposition
A situation where one person expects another to do something inconvenient or unwanted.
Ethnocentric
The tendency to judge other cultures by the standards of one's own culture.
Sociological variables in politeness theory
Factors that determine the degree of politeness, including social distance, power difference, and face threat seriousness.
Saving face
A strategy used to avoid humiliation or embarrassment and maintain one's self-image.
Positive face-threatening acts
Behaviors that damage the listener's self-image, such as criticism or disapproval.
Negative face-threatening acts
Behaviors that impede the listener's autonomy, such as commands or strong emotional expressions.
