1.1: The Practice of Political Scientists

Empirical Data

Information gathered through observation, experimentation, or other forms of data collection.

Normative Data

Data that represents typical or average performance or behavior within a specific population.

Quantitative Analysis

The use of mathematical and statistical methods to analyze numerical data.

Qualitative Analysis

The use of non-numerical data such as interviews, observations, and surveys to analyze and interpret patterns and themes.

Correlation

A statistical measure that indicates the degree to which two variables are related to each other.

Positive Correlation

A relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in the other variable.

Negative Correlation

A relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other variable.

Causation

A relationship between two variables in which one variable directly influences or causes a change in the other variable.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.

Gini Index

A measure of income inequality within a population, ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality).

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders in a given time period.

Freedom House

An organization that conducts research and advocacy on democracy, political freedom, and human rights.

Transparency International

An organization that monitors and publicizes corporate and political corruption in international development.

Failed (or Fragile) States Index

An annual ranking of countries based on their vulnerability to conflict and instability, as well as their capacity to provide basic services and maintain the rule of law.

Political scientists

Professionals who study political systems, behavior, and institutions.

Surveys

Methods used by political scientists to gather information about public opinion, voting behavior, and other political attitudes.

Interviews

Methods where political scientists may engage with politicians, government officials, or other experts in the field.

Case Studies

A method used by political scientists to examine specific political events in detail.

Political Theory

The study of political ideas and concepts, including philosophical foundations of political systems.

Comparative Politics

The study of different political systems and institutions, comparing and contrasting their similarities and differences.

International Relations

The study of relationships between countries, focusing on diplomacy, war, and trade.

Public Policy

The study of how governments make decisions and implement policies, examining their creation and societal impacts.