AP Bio Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function

Ribosome

This cell structure is divided into 2 subunits without a membrane

• Made of rRNA

• Synthesizes proteins according to mRNA sequences

Endoplasmic Reticulum / ER

Network of membrane tubes within the cytoplasm

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum / Rough ER

This cell structure has ribosomes attached to the membrane

it packages newly synthesized proteins for possible export

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum / Smooth ER

This cell structure is in charge of detoxification and lipid synthesis

Golgi Apparatus / Golgi Body / Golgi

This cell structure is in charge of correct folding and chemical modification of proteins

• Gets proteins from ER and folds them correctly

  • Proteins arrive in transport vesicles and exit to transport vesicles

Mitochondria

This cell structure powers the organism by making ATP

THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL!!!!!!!!!

Smooth outer membrane and densely folded inner membrane

Lysosomes

Membrane enclosed sacs with hydrolytic enzymes

• Used to digest materials such as damaged cell parts or macromolecules

Vacuole

Both in plant and animal cells, though the plant one is larger

Membrane bound sac used for storage of water and maintaining turgor pressure

Chloroplasts

These cell structures have a double outer membrane

They capture energy from the sun to make sugar

• Lots of surface area for the light reaction

• Found in photosynthetic algae and plants

Thyrakoid

Highly folded membrane compartments found in a chloroplast

Grana

Thyrakoids in a chloroplast are organized in these stacks

Phospholipids

These lipids have a hydrophilic, polar head and a hydrophobic, nonpolar tail. These create cell membranes

Peripheral Proteins

These membrane proteins are loosely attached to only one side of the membrane

• Hydrophilic with a charged polar side group

Integral Proteins

These membrane proteins span the entire membrane

Have a hydrophilic outside and hydrophilic inside

Simple Diffusion

Through this process, small, nonpolar molecules can pass through the phospholipid membrane along the high-low conecntration gradient

Passive Transport

Net movement of molecules from a high to low concentration gradient (no ATP or other form of energy is needed)

Facilitated Diffusion

Through this process, hydrophilic molecules, water, and charged ions can pass through the phospholipid membrane

Aquaporin

This protein facilitates transport of water as a form of passive transport

Channel Protein

This membrane protein serves as a hydrophilic tunnel for specific target molecules

Glycoprotein

A molecule that consists of a carbohydrate plus a protein hanging out on the outside of a membrane

Carrier Protein

This membrane protein changes shape to move a target molecule inside or outside of a cell along concentration gradient

• Passive transport

Active Transport

This type of cell transport requires a direct input of energy to move against the concentration gradient

Endocytosis

This process uses cell energy to take in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles

Phagocytosis

A form of endocytosis where cells take in large particle

Pinocytosis

A form of endocytosis where the cell takes in extracellular fluid

Exocytosis

This process uses cell energy to fuse vesicles with the plasma membrane and move waste out

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Receptor proteins capture specific target molecules to aid with endocytosis

Cotransport

Secondary active transport protein uses energy from an electrochemical gradient to transport 2 different ions

Symport

This form of active transport moves 2 different ions in the same direction

Antiport

This form of active transport moves 2 different ions in a different direction

Osmolarity

Total solute concentration in a solutionO

Osmosis

Water moves toward a solute

Tonicity

Relative solute between two solutions

Hypotonic

In this solution, there is more solute inside the cell than outside

Isotonic

In this solution, there is equal solute inside the cell and outside

Hypertonic

In this solution, there is more solute outside the cell than inside

Lysed

An animal cell becomes this in a hypotonic solution, where water enters the cell

Normal

An animal cell becomes this in an isotonic solution, where water enters and exits the cell

Shriveled

An animal cell becomes this in a hypertonic solution, where water exits the cell

Turgid / Normal

A plant cell becomes this in a hypotonic solution, where water enters the cell

Flaccid

A plant cell becomes this in an isotonic solution, where water enters the cell and exits

Plasmolyzed

A plant cell becomes this in a hypertonic solution, where water exits the cell and the inside of it peels away from the cell wall