social relationships

According to Hogg & Vaughan (2017), how is a group defined?

Two or more people sharing a common definition and evaluation of themselves

what is social facilitation?

the tendency to perform better in the presence of others

In Triplett’s study on social facilitation, what were the three outcomes?

20 performed better, 10 performed the same, 10 performed worse (with others present)

what does drive theory increase

arousal

according to drive theory, how does the presence of others affect performance on easy/difficult tasks

easy gets easier, hard gets harder

what did a study on virtual social facilitation conclude?

seen in the presence of virtual, human-like avatars

Snyder found that what type of people performed better in sport in the presence of others

competitive people

what is social loafing?

individuals exert less effort when working in a group compared to alone

Ringlemann’s rope study - what happened to force exerted when group size increased

force per person decreased as group size increased

how does task valence affect social loafing

less likely to occur when the task is considered important to the person

how does culture affect social loafing

more common in westernised culture due to individualistic culture

Roberts and David - what mediated the relationship between FOMO and social connection

social media intensity

what is ostracism

any behaviour where individuals are excluded or ignored

4 fundamental needs undermined by social exclusion

need to belong, control, self-esteem, meaningful existence

workplace ostracism is related to greater workplace loneliness, in turn related to greater …

social cyberloafing

core ideas of the evaluation apprehension model

social presence produces arousal based on the fear of being evaluated by others

central concept of the distraction-conflict theory

presence of others is distracting, creating cognitive conflict between the task and the audience, producing drive

what is ethnomethodology

method involving violating hidden norms to reveal their presence

key difference between norms and stereotypes

norms are behaviour, stereotypes are generalisations

what is the j-curve hypothesis of relative deprivation

social unrest occurs with difference between what people believe ought to be and what they perceive is

difference between egoistic and fraternalistic deprivation

egoistic is when an individual feels deprived relative to others, fraternalistic is when a group feels deprived

what is realistic group conflict theory

theory that prejudice and discrimination arise from conflict between groups over scarce resources

4 stages of group identity formation in social identity theory

social categorisation, identification, social comparison, and positive differentiation

two key motivations for identifying with a group

self-enhancement and uncertainty reduction

when a groups self-esteem is low, what strategy involves leaving the group to join a higher status one?

individual mobility

what is social creativity

focusing on the positive aspects of the group, comparing with worse groups or changing the value of group characteristics

what strategy for dealing with low group self-esteem involves directly challenging the higher-status group

social competition

what is the commons dilemma

a dilemma where cooperation leads to optimal solution for all, but competition leads to resource destruction

what is the free-ride effect in the context of public goods

when people self-intrestedly exploit a shared resource without contributing to the maintenance

what is relational value

the degree to which other people value interacting with and having a relationship with a person

4 dimensions for gaining relational value

likeability, competence and success, support for shared goals and norms and physical appearance

central claim of deindividuation theory regarding crowd behaviour

anonymity in a crowd suppresses societal norms and allows for instinctive and aggressive behaviour

core principle of the SIDE model (social identity model of deindividuation effects)

deindividuation leads to a decreased focus on personal identity and an increased responsiveness to situational group norms

how does SIDE explain rioting

frames it as intergroup conflict where behaviour is regulated by the social norms of the relevant social identity

evolutionary theory of kin selection in the context of prosocial behaviour

more likely to help those who are genetically related to us to ensure the survival of shared genes

bystander calculus model

we help people to relieve our own discomfort - true altruism does not exist

what combination of techniques had the most effect on children’s prosocial behaviour

modelling combined with positive reinforcement

what is the bystander effect

people are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present

what age does guilt-motivated prosocial behaviour begin to appear in children

3 years old

what is the relationship between being in a good mood and helping behaviour

being in a good mood increases the likelihood of helping

what gender difference is often observed in helping behaviour

men are more likely to help women than vice versa, particularly in situations requiring chivalrous or heroic behaviour

what does terror management theory suggest about the effect of mortality salience on prosocial behaviour

being reminded of one’s death increases prosocial behaviour and positive ratings of charity