Cardiovascular System

Deoxygenated Blood Flow

Blood returning from the body, enters right atrium through superior and inferior vena cava.

Tricuspid Valve

Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle.

Pulmonary Valve

Valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries.

Oxygenated Blood Flow

Blood returning from the lungs via pulmonary veins, enters left atrium.

Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve

Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Aortic Valve

Valve between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Function of Valves

Prevent backflow of blood, ensuring one-way flow through the heart.

Systole

Contraction phase of the cardiac cycle, when ventricles pump blood.

Diastole

Relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle, when ventricles fill with blood.

P-wave

Represents depolarization of the atria, initiating atrial contraction.

QRS Complex

Represents depolarization of the ventricles, leading to ventricular contraction.

T-wave

Represents repolarization of the ventricles, leading to ventricular relaxation.

First Heart Sound (S1)

Caused by closure of the AV valves during the beginning of ventricular systole.

Second Heart Sound (S2)

Caused by closure of the semilunar valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole.

Left Ventricular Pressure (LVP)

Increases during ventricular systole as the ventricle contracts.

Left Atrial Pressure (LAP)

Generally low, rises slightly during atrial contraction.

Elastic Arteries

Arteries like the aorta that can stretch to accommodate blood surges.

Arterioles

Small branches of arteries that regulate blood flow into capillaries.

Capillaries

Thin-walled vessels where gases, nutrients, and waste exchange occurs.

Veins

Vessels that carry blood back to the heart, containing the lowest pressure.

Vasodilation

Widening of arterioles, decreasing resistance and increasing blood flow.

Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of arterioles, increasing resistance and reducing blood flow.

Plasma

Liquid component of blood, mainly composed of water, proteins, and electrolytes.

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

Cells that carry oxygen in the blood via hemoglobin.

Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MABP)

Average pressure in the arteries during one cardiac cycle.

Cardiac Output (CO)

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

Resistance to blood flow in the vessels, influenced by arterioles' diameter.

Orthostatic Hypotension

Temporary drop in blood pressure upon sudden standing, due to blood pooling.

Sympathetic Nervous System Activation

Increased activity during exercise, causing elevated heart rate.

Stroke Volume

The amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat.

Vasodilation during Exercise

Increased blood flow to heart and skeletal muscles through widening blood vessels.

Duration of Cardiac Cycle

Diastolic phase shortens significantly during exercise; systole changes only slightly.

Atrial Systole

Phase when the atria contract at the end of diastole, ensuring ventricles are filled.

Pressure Dynamics

Refers to the changes in pressure during systole and diastole in heart chambers.

Aortic Pressure

Pressure in the aorta that follows a similar pattern to ventricular pressure.

Heart Sounds

Sounds generated by closing of heart valves during the cardiac cycle.

Circulatory System

System comprising the heart and blood vessels that circulates blood throughout the body.

Ejection Fraction

Percentage of blood ejected from the ventricles during contraction.