Endocrine system

acromegaly

Caused by oversecretion of GH during adulthood, after epiphyseal ossification No increase in height, but bones thicken Enlargement of tongue, nose, hands, feet, jaw, heart, thyroid gland

adrenal androgen

Supplement sex hormones from the gonads; may be converted into estrogen

adrenal androgens stimulators

Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) from the anterior pituitary plus unknown factors

adrenal cortex

outer portion of gland, secretes aldosterone, cortisol, and sex hormones

adrenal cortex zones

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

Adrenal glands (suprarenal glands)

like a cap on each kidney, secretes many hormones and has adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

adrenal medulla

central portion of adrenal gland that secretes amine hormone 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

secreted by anterior pituitary gland, Stimulates secretion of cortisol and other glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex

alarm stage

fight or flight response to stress that is immediate and does not last long, sympathetic impulses and high epinephrine

aldosteron stimulators

Plasma potassium and sodium ion concentrations and renin-angiotensin system

aldosterone

Helps regulate the concentration of extracellular electrolytes by conserving sodium ions and excreting potassium ions

amines

Derived from tyrosine (epinephrine, norepinephrine,thyroxine)

anterior pituitary hormones

growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, lutenizing hormone

antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vassopressin)

posterior pituitary hormone that Decreases urine production by reducing volume of H2O the kidneys excrete Causes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure

autocrine secretion

only affects cells secreting the substance ex. liver cells stimulate themselves to release stored iron

calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium and phosphate ion concentrations by inhibiting release of calcium and phosphate ions from bones and by increasing the rate at which calcium and phosphate ions are deposited in bones; increases excretion ofcalcium by the kidneys

calcitonin stimulators

Elevated blood calcium ion concentration, digestive hormones

cAMP

cyclic adenosine monophosphate, common second messenger

cortisol

Decreases protein synthesis, increases fatty acid release, and stimulates glucose synthesis from noncarbohydrates

cortisol stimulators

CRH from the hypothalamus and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary gland

digestive glands

produce hormones to regulate digestion

downregulation

Decrease in number of receptors on target cell, due to an increase in hormone level

Endocrine system

made up of glands that secrete hormones into blood consiting of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pineal, thymus

erythropoietin

Used to increase the number of red blood cells and oxygen delivery to muscles

exhaustion stage

begins after months of resistance stage, wasting due to depletion of nutrients in body, electrolyte imbalance, effects caused by long term oversecretion of cortisol can result in death

exocrine glands

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body ex. stomach acid or sweat

first messenger

The hormone that transmits a signal around the body

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

secreted by anterior pituitary gland, Causes growth and development of ovarian follicles in females, sperm production in males

follicles

round secretory units that produce T3 and T4 and make up the thyroid hand has extrafollicular cels on outside of cells

glucagon

secreted by alpha cells; Stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into glucose; stimulates breakdown of fats

glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin

hormones secreted from the pancreatic endocrine cells

glycoproteins

Carbohydrates joined to proteins (TSH), formed protein and carbohydrates

growth hormone (HGH)

Used to enlarge muscles Used instead of, or along with, steroids

growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIR), somatostatin

located in the hypothalamus, targets anterior pituitary cells that secrete GH and decreases growth hormone secretion

heart

produces natriuretic peptides to stimulate sodium secretion in urine

insulin

secreted by beta cells; Promotes formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through adipose and muscle cell membranes, decreasing blood glucose concentration; promotes transport of amino acids into cells; enhances synthesis of proteins and fat

kidney

produces erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell formation

lutenizing hormone (LH)

secreted by anterior pituitary gland, Causes ovulation in females, sex hormone production in both genders

negative feedback

A control mechanism in which rising level of a hormone leads to a decrease in hormone secretion As hormone is used up, inhibition stops, and secretion begins again

nervous system

releases neurotransmitters into synapses and is faster than the endocrine system

nonsteroid hormones

amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins; cannot penetrate lipid bilayer and bind o receptors on target cell membranes

ovaries

produces estrogens and progesterone

oxytocin

posterior pituitary hormone that Causes muscle contraction in uterine wall during childbirth Causes milk ejection during lactation Has no proven function in males, but may help with sperm movement or sexual response

pancreas

Elongated, flattened organ, posterior to stomach Pancreatic duct transports digestive juice to duodenum Contains 2 major types of secretory tissue; both exocrine and endocrine gland

paracrine secretion

enter interstitial fluid and only affects nearby cells

parathyroid glands

Located on posterior surface of the thyroid gland.Usually 4 parathyroid glands Secrete 1 hormone, Parathyroid hormone (PTH, also called Parathormone). PTH regulates Ca+2 and PO4−2 concentrations in the blood

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

increases blood calcium, decreases phosphate, stimulates bone resorption, aid in final step of producing vitamin D

peptides

Short chains of amino acids (ADH, oxytocin)• Glycoproteins: Carbohydrates joined to proteins (TSH)

physical stress

temperature extremes, infection, injury, oxygen deficiency

pineal gland

Found in brain, between cerebral hemispheres Secretes melatonin, which regulates circadian rhythms (day/night cycles)

pituitary gland

lies at base of brain in sella turcia of sphenoid bone and considered part of nervous system

placenta

produces estrogens, progesterone, and gonadotropin

positive feedback

Control mechanism in which rising level of a hormone leads to an increase in secretion; used in small number of cases of hormone control, mainly in reproductive system

posterior pituitary hormones

produced in hypothalamus but stored here, antiduretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

prolactin (PRL)

secreted by anterior pituitary hormones promotes milk production in females, uncertain function in males

prostaglandins

paracrine substances potent in small amounts like hormones, synthesized before release and rapidly inactivated, regulate cellular responses to hormones and can activate or inhibit cAMP

proteins

Composed of long chains of amino acids (growth hormone)

psychological stress

danger, personal loss, anger, fear, guilt

releasing hormone (RH)/ inhibiting hormon (IH)

located in the hypothalamus, targets anterior pituitary gland and regulates hormone secretion

Renin-angiotensin system

System that helps maintain normal blood pressure Angiotensin II, the product of this system increases blood pressure, and promotes secretion of aldosterone

resistance stage

•Slower, longer-lasting

•The CRH-ACTH-Cortisol pathway increases cortisol secretion

•Increased cortisol spares glucose for brain

•Cortisol, Glucagon, and GH mobilize energy sources for other tissues and organs

•ADH and Renin cause water retention

second messenger

Chemical that induces changes leading to hormone's effect is considered a

signal transduction

entire process of chemical communication from outside cells to inside cells

somatostatin

helps regulate carbohydrates

steroid and thyroid hormones

have poor water solubility, bind to receptors inside cell (usually nucleus)

steroid hormone examples

Sex hormones (testosterone, estrogens), and adrenalcortex hormones (cortisol, aldosterone)

steroid hormones

lipids containing complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms• All are produced from cholesterol

stress

condition produced in response to stressors

stressor

factors that change the internal or external environment

testes

produce testosterone

thymus gland

Found in mediastinum, between lungs Secretes thymosins, which promote development of T-lymphocytes Important role in immunity

thyroid gland

Consists of two lateral lobes, connected by an isthmus Lies just below the larynx, anterior and lateral to the trachea Has special ability to remove iodine from blood produces T4 T3 and calcitonin

thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)

secreted by hypothalamus and causes anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) which inhibits TRH

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

secreted by anterior pituitary Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) from thyroid gland

Thyroxine (T4)

Increases rate of energy release from carbohydrates; increases rate of protein synthesis; accelerates growth; necessary for normal nervous system maturation

triiodothyronine

more potent version of thyroxine

upregulation

Increase in number of receptors on target cell, in response to a decrease in hormone level

zona fasticulata

middle zone of adrenal cortex that produces cortisol and other glucocorticoids

zona glomerulosa

outer zone of adrenal cortex that produces aldosterone and other mineral cortiocoids

zona reticularis

inner zone of adrenal cortex that produces male sex hormones called androgens