Chapter 8 - The Appendicular Skeleton

Sternoclavicular joint

where the manubrium and sternum articulate

Acromioclavicular joint

where the scapula and clavicle articulate

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

where the scapula and humerus articulate

Medial end of the clavicle

is rounded and articulates with the manubrium to form the sternoclavicular joint

Acromial end of the clavicle

broad, flat, lateral end, articulates with the acromion of the scapula to form the acromioclavicular joint.

conoid tubercule

point of attachment for the conoid ligament which attaches the clavicle and scapula.

Costoclavicular ligament

attaches the clavicle and the first rib.

Acromion

the high point of the shoulder

glenoid cavity

shallow depression inferior to the acromion which accepts the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint.

Scapular notch

through which the suprascapular nerve passes.

coracoid process of the scapula

where tendons and ligaments of arm muscles attach.

supraspinous fossa

where the supraspinatus muscle of the shoulder attaches.

infraspinatus fossa

where the infraspinatus muscle of the shoulder attaches.

Subscapular fossa

where the subscapularis muscle attaches.

Deltoid tuberosity

point of attachment for the deltoid muscle

Radial groove

contains the radial nerve.

Capitulum

a rounded knob on the lateral aspect of the humerus that articulates with the head of the radius.

Radial fossa

depression above the capitulum that articulates with the head of the radius when the forearm is bent.

trochlea

articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna

Coronoid fossa

depression that receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the forearm is bent.

olecranon fossa

depression that receives the olecranon of the ulna when the forearm is extended.

Medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle of the humerus

where the tendons of most muscles of the forearm are attached.

Ulnar nerve

nerve in the elbow responsible for severe pain when you hit your elbow.

Ulna

located on the pinky-side of the forearm and is longer than the radius.

Olecranon

forms the prominence of the elbow.

Trochlear notch

large curved area between the olecranon and coronoid process that forms part of the elbow joint.

Ulnar tuberosity

where the biceps brachii muscle attaches.

Styloid process of the ulna

provides attachment for the ulnar collateral ligament to the wrist.

Radius

smaller bone of the forearm on the thumb side.

Radial tuberosity

point of attachment for the tendons of the biceps brachii muscle.

styloid process of the radius

provides attachment for the brachioradialis muscle and for the radial collateral ligament to the wrist

Elbow joint

where the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and where the trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.

How are the shafts of the ulna and radius joined?

Via the interosseous membrane between them.

Proximal radioulnar joint

the head of the radius articulates with the ulnas radial notch.

Distal radioulnar joint

the head of the ulna articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius.

Radiocarpal (wrist) joint

the distal end of the radius articulates with three bones of the wrist - the lunate, the scaphoid, and the triquetrum.

Carpus

the wrist. Consists of eight small bones (carpals) held together by ligaments.

Intercarpal joints

articulations among carpal bones.

Scaphoid

Boatlike

Lunate

moon-shaped

Triquetrum

three-cornered

Pisiform

pea shaped

Trapezium

four-sided figure with no two sides parallel

Trapezoid

Four-sided figure with two sides parallel

Capitate

head-shaped

Hamate

Hooked

Carpal tunnel

the anterior concave space formed by the pisiform and hamate (ulnar side) and the scaphoid and trapezium (radial side) with the covering of the flexor retinaculum.

What passes through the carpal tunnel?

The long flexor tendons of the digits and thumb and the median nerve.

Carpometacarpal joints

when the bases of the metacarpals articulate with the distal row of carpal bones.

metacarpophalangeal joints

the heads of the metacarpals articulate with the proximal phalanges.

Interphalangeal joints

joints between phalanges.

Pelvic (hip) girdle

consists of two hip bones/coxal/pelvic bones/ox coxa.

Pubic symphysis

where the hip bones unite anteriorly.

Sacroiliac joints

where the hip bones unite posteriorly with the sacrum.

Bony pelvis

the complete ring composed of the hip bones, pubic symphysis, sacrum and coccyx.

Ilium

the largest of the three components of the hip bone composed of a superior ala and an inferior body

Ischium

the inferior, posterior portion of the hip bone, composed of a superior body and an inferior ramus.

Pubis

the anterior and inferior part of the hip bone, composed of a superior ramus, inferior ramus and a body.

Pectineal line

extends along the superior ramus to merge with the arcuate line of the ilium.

Pubic symphysis

the joint between the two pubes of the hip bones.

Acetabulum

a deep fossa formed by the ilium, ischium and pubis. Acts as a socket that accepts the head of the femur.

hip (coxal) joint

the acetabulum and the head of the femur together.

Pelvic brim

divides the bony pelvis into superior and inferior portions

False (greater) pelvis

the portion of the body pelvis superior to the pelvic brim.

True (lesser) pelvis

the portion of the bony pelvis inferior to the pelvic brim

Pelvic inlet

the superior opening of the true pelvis

Pelvic outlet

the inferior opening of the true pelvis

Pelvic axis

imaginary line. Route taken by the baby’s head as it descends through the pelvis.

Femur

the longest, heaviest and strongest bone in the body.

Fovea capitis

connects the ligament of the head of the femur to the acetabulum of the hip bone.

Greater trochanter and lesser trochanter of the femur

serve as points of attachment for the tendons of some of the thigh and buttock muscles.

Gluteal tuberosity and linea aspera

ridges that serve as attachment points for the tendons of several thigh muscles.

medial condyle and lateral condyle of the femur

articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia.

medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur

where ligaments of the knee joint attach.

Adductor tubercle

site of attachment for the adductor magnus muscle

Tibia

the larger, medial, weight-bearing bone of the leg.

lateral and medial condyle of the tibia

articulate with the condyles of the femur to form the lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints

Tibial tuberosity

point of attachment for the patellar ligament

The most fractured bone in the body

tibia

Fibula

smaller than the tibia and does not articulate with the femur. Helps stabilize ankle joint.

Proximal tibiofibular joint

the head of the femur articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia.

Lateral malleolus

projection of the distal end of the fibula that articulates with the talus of the ankle. Forms the lateral ankle bone that can be felt.

Distal tibiofubular joint

the fibula articulates with the tibia at the fibular notch.

Intertarsal joints

joints between tarsal bones.

Talocrural (ankle) joint

where the talus articulates with the medial malleolus of the tibia and the lateral malleolus of the fibula.

Tarsus bones

1. Talus

2. Calcaneus

3. Navicular

4. Third Cuneiform

5. Second Cuneiform

6. First Cuneiform

7. Cuboid

Metatarsus

consists of 5 metatarsal bones, numbered I-V from medial to lateral.

Tarsometatarsal joints

where the metatarsals articulate with the first, second and third cuneiform bones and with the cuboid

Metatarsophalangeal joints

where the metatarsals articulate with the phalanges

Interphalangeal joints

between the phalanges of the foot.

longitudinal arch of the foot

consists of a medial and lateral part.

Transverse arch of the foot

found between the medial and lateral aspects of the foot and is formed by the navicular, three cuneiforms and the bases of the five metatarsals.