Corrections Exam 2 flashcards

Status offense

An offense committed by a juvenile that would NOT be considered a crime if committed by an adult

Example of a status crime

Running away from home

Detention

Juvenile courts sometimes hold youths in secure detention facilities during court processings

In about 1/5 of all delinquency cases, offenders are ________

detained

Much of the juvenile crime in the 1980s and early 1990s was due to

Increased use of crack

Juvenile gangs

Violence

John Augustus

Considered the Father of Juvenile Probation

The first juvenile court was established in

1899, in Cook County (Chicago, IL)

By _____, all but ___ states had established juvenile courts/probation

1927;2

Probation

Allows youth to remain in the community

Reduces labeling and stigma

Is less expensive than incarceration

Parens Patriae means

The “role of the parent assumed by the juvenile court

When did Parens Patriae begin?

Middle Ages in England

“The King, being the father of His country must protect the welfare of the children”

Juvenile Probationers, 1/2 are for

Property crimes

Juvenile Probationers, 1/5 are for

Personal crimes

Juvenile Probationers, 1/8 are for

Drug crimes

Juvenile Probationers, 1/4 are for

Public order offenses

Residential Placement

Can be a public or private facility and can range from group home to secure facilities

Diversion of Juveniles

An attempt to minimize involvement in the juvenile justice system

Roles of Probation and Parole Agencies

Surveillance

Investigation

Concrete-Needs Counseling

Emotional-Needs Counseling

Glaser’s Role Typologies

Punitive Officer

Protective Officer

Welfare Officer

Passive Officer

The Five Faces of Probation Supervision

1. Help offender understand

2. Have it make sense

3. Let offender identify

4. It’s up to offender

5. Make offender do it

Characteristics of Effective Change Agents

Quality interpersonal relationships

Model behavior

Reinforcement of positive behavior

Functions of Probation Officers

Referral functions

Advice and guidance

Court Consultant

Psychotherapy

Law enforcement

Environmental manipulation

Enforcement

Officer-Offender interactions often not effective because

Too brief for impact

Convos focus on monitoring compliance conditions

Relationships more confrontational & authoritarian in nature than helpful

What is targeted is not always based on assessment

Static risk factor

A characteristic of the offender related to outcome that cannot change- i.e., age at first arrest

Dynamic risk factor

A factor that contributes to outcome but is changeable- i.e., substance abuse

Risk

Predict future criminal behavior and match services to level

Need

Match offenders to services

Responsivity

Deliver services consistent with offender’s ability R

Professional Discretion

Consider risk, needs, and responsivity, and factor in judgment to make best decision

Assessment is important because it

guides decision making

Reduces bias

Improves placement

Helps manage offenders

Aids in legal challenges

Helps utilize resources

Temperamental and antisocial personality patterns conducive to criminal activity inluciding

Weak socialization

Impulsivity

Adventurous

Restless/aggressive

Egocentrism

A taste for risk

Weak problem solving/self regulation and coping skills

Problems with first generation

Subject to personal bias

Predictions are subjective

Decision rules are not observed

Can lead to biased decisions

Difficult to distinguish levels

Information may be overlooked or overemphasized

False positives

Offenders who are predicted to fail but actually succeed

False Negatives

Offenders who are predicted to succeed but actually fail

Almost ____ of agencies used __________ tools

75%; assessment

____ believe it is “______” or “very” necessary to assess offenders

83%; absolutely

Almost ___ re-assess _____

80%; offenders

Reliability

Consistency of the tool

Validity

the tool measures what you think it is measuring

Risk management

Involves determining risk level and providing appropriate sanctions and supervision

Risk reduction

Involves determining risk level and crime-producing needs, and targeting dynamic factors for change through effective interventions and appropriate levels of supervision

Conventional Model

Cases are randomly assigned to available probation officers

Each officer handles a wide range of offenders

Caseloads are restricted to ___________ ____

geographical area (urban, suburban, rural, neighborhood)

Rural caseloads may be smaller because of

Area that needs to be covered by PO

Vertical Model

Offenders are classified by two or more factors

Usually involves a prediction instrument

Caseload

The actual number of offenders assigned to a probation officer

Workload

Usually based on a formula that can take into account the risk level of offenders (high risk are worth more), number of PSI completed, and so forth

Traditional Approach to Supervision

Offenders are assigned to a single probation officer

Probation officer is expected to provide all services and activities required to supervise the offender

Brokerage Supervision Model

Supervising officer is primarily concerned with assessing offender and arranging for services through existing agencies in the community

Teaching the offender how to problem solve involves several steps

1. Stop and think and identify the problem

2. Clarify goals

3. Generate alternative solutions

4. Evaluate

5. Implement the plan

6. Evaluate the plan

Kent v. United States

Considered the transfer or waiver of a juvenile to the criminal court system

What exactly was Kent v. United States about?

In 1966, 16 year old Morris Kent was charged for burglary and rape. Juvenile court waived its jurisdiction for no reason, which caused Kent to be tried in an adult court and got 30-90 years in prison. The Supreme Court ruled that waiver of jurisdiction is critically important action that must be justified in order to protect the rights of juveniles. It highlighted the need for Due Process in waiving juvenile jurisdiction

In re Gault

guaranteed some due process protections to a juvenile accused of a crime.

What exactly was In re Gault?

Landmark Supreme Court decision in 1967, which held that the Due Process clause of the 14th Amendment applies to juvenile defendants. In an 8-1 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that Gault’s commitment to the State Industrial School was a violation of the 6th Amendment since he had been denied the right to an attorney and other Due Process protections.

What was the 8% problem?

Orange County (California) probation department conducted a research study on 1st time juvenile offenders and found that about 8% of the juveniles had been arrested a minimum of 4 times within a 3 year period, and that 55% were responsible for repeat cases.

What was the 8% solution?

The prevalence of serious juvenile delinquency could be reduced significantly by identifying and treating the small percentage of juveniles who are at risk of becoming chronic offenders when they first come into contact with the juvenile justice system