physio lab midterm (fill in the blank ONLY)

Flashcards covering key concepts in cardiovascular and muscle physiology.

inferior

The heart’s ________ border extends from the base to the apex.

Pericardium

_______ is a membrane that encloses the heart.

left superior border

Approximately 3 cm to the left of the midline, _______ is found at the inferior border of the second costal cartilage

Chordae tendinae

________ are attached to papillary muscles. These cords prevent the cusps of atrioventricular valves from inverting.

Interventricular septum

_______ separates the heart’s two inferior chambers.

Circumflex artery

_______ is the branch of the left coronary artery that distributes blood to the ventricles and left atrium.

auricle

An _________ is a term used to define the earline flap of tissue on each atrium.

Lub-Dub

The monosyllable describing the heart sounds are _______.

atrioventricular; semilunar

The first heart sound is a result of the closure of the ________ valves, whereas the second is a result of closure of the ________ valves.

ventricles; atria

The heart chambers that have just been filled when you hear the first heart sound are the _______, and the chambers that have just emptied are the _______.

atria; ventricles

Immediately after the second heart sound, both the _____ and _____ are filled with blood.

sphygmomanometer

_________ is the instrument used to compress the artery and record pressures in the auscultatory method of determining blood pressure.

Tachycardia

_______ is the condition of elevated heart rate.

Na+; Ca2+, K+

In a cardiac ventricular myocyte, _____ entering the cell initiates depolarization, while ______ entering the cell maintains the plateau phase, and _______ leaving the cell is responsible for repolarization.

closed; open

During the ventricular ejection phase, the atrioventricular valves are ______, while the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves are _______.

potassium

Increased _______ permeability at the SA node will cause heart rate to decrease.

colloid

An increase in plasma ______ osmotic pressure tends to decrease capillary filtration rate.

hydrostatic

Arteriolar constriction decreases capillary _______ pressure.

contractility; stroke volume

According to Frank-Starling Law of the Heart, increased EDV results in increased ventricular ______ and thus increased ______.

Transverse tubule

_________ allows the action potential to come physically close to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

shortening

Contraction skeletal muscle is due to thick filaments and thin filaments sliding past each other, not compression of the filaments. It results in a _______ of the muscle, putting tension on the attached bones adn causing them to move at a joint.

tendon

At the end of the muscle, the connective tissue continues as a _______ or some other arrangement of collagen fibers that attaches the muscle, usually to bone.

graded potential

small transient changes in membrane potential due to activation of gated ion channels

resting potential

unstimulated neuron with an average membrane potential of -70 mV

hyperpolarization

stimulus that makes the membrane potential MORE negative

depolarization

stimulus that makes the membrane potential LESS negative

action potential

depolarizing stimulus that makes the membrane potential reach the threshold potential

neuromuscular junction; acetylcholine

a synapse between the axon end of a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell is called a _________. the neurotransmitter is used at such a synapse is called _________.

fascicles; perimysium

It is difficult to tease out individual muscle fibers because groups of muscle fibers bundled together called _______ are surrounded by the _______ which is a connective tissue.

sarcoplasmic reticulum

In a relaxed muscle, calcium ions are stored within the _________, away from the sarcoplasm where the contractile units are located.

skeletal muscle

Muscle is voluntary and striated

Smooth muscle

involuntary and non-striated muscle tissue

sarcomere

The basic repeating subunits of contraction within muscle cells

troponin; tropomyosin

Associated with the thin filaments in skeletal muscle are two inhibitory proteins known as ___ and ___

Ca2+ ions

_____ couples electrical excitation to muscle contraction.

Intercalated discs

________ are gap junctions between cardiomyocytes that facilitates rapid communication between cardiomyocytes.

A bands; H bands

________ represent the length of the thick myosin filaments and in a relaxed skeletal muscle the ______ represent myosin filament regions that are NOT overlapping with actin filaments.

I Bands

muscle fibers get their striated appearance from the combination of alternating dark A bands and light ________.

troponin-tropomyosin; ATP; Magnesium; Potassium

In glycerinated muscle preparation, addition of calcium has absolutely no effect on muscle contraction because the ______ protein complex with which calcium interacts with is not functional and hence myosin heads are not blocked from interacting with the actin filaments. Hence, addition of only _____ is necessary and sufficient to cause contraction of a glycerinated muscle. Such contraction can be enhanced but not caused by addition of a solution containing ______ and _______.

ATP

Hydrolysis of _______ is required for the production of power stroke in muscle contraction.

tropomyosin; actin; myosin

In a relaxed muscle ______ interferes with ______ and prevents its binding to ______.

Ca2+; troponin; tropomyosin; actin; myosin

In a contracting muscle ____ binds to ______ which allows it to displace _______, which free-up _____ to bind to _____.

myosin; actin; ATP; myosin ATPase; ADP; inorganic phosphate

For ____ to interact with _____, ____ must be hydrolyzed by a specific phosphatase activity of ___________ to generate _____ and _______.

inorganic phosphate; myosin

Release of _______ from _______ allows it to change conformation allowing the sliding of thin filaments, on the thick filaments to the center.

Ca2+; ATP; troponin; tropomyosin; actin; Ca2+; ATP; myosin heads

The glycerinated muscle system is different from muscle in living tissue. Glycerination process removes _______ and _______ from the tissue and disrupts the _______ and _______ complex so that the binding sites on the _______ fibers are no longer blocked. No _______ is needed to induce contraction. However no _______ is present in the glycerinated tissue, so the _______ are not activated.

ATP; CA2+

Induction of contraction in a glycerinated muscle requires the addition of _______ but does not require the presence of _______.

ventricular systole

systolic pressure

ventricular diastole

diastolic pressure

diastole

Relaxation of a heart chamber is called _______.

systole

Contraction of a heart chamber is called _____.

T-wave

The portion of the ECG that represents ventricular repolarization is the _______.

rods

Night vision in dim light is black and white because we use the photoreceptors called _______, which are more sensitive to low illumination but are responsible for black-and-white vision.

ganglion

Convergence of lots of rods onto a single bipolar cell and in turn many bipolar cells converging onto a single _______ cell, that increases their sensitivity to low illumination.

cones

However it comes at a cost: poor acuity and lack of color vision are characteristic of rods. High acuity and color vision but poor light sensitivity of the other type of photoreceptor cells called _______ is due to one-to-one relationship of these photoreceptors with the retinal layers of cells that transmit impulses to the brain.

fovea

Region of the retina where vision is best is called the _______, which is a pit in the center of the macula lutea.

blind spot; saccadic

The area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the _______, because it lacks photoreceptors. Despite lack of vision in this area, we don’t perceive gaps in vision because these gaps are filled in by the _______ eye movements that continually shift parts of the visual field onto the central pit of the macula lutea.

ciliary muscle; spherical; accomodation; near point of vision

Objects closer to the eye are brought into focus on the retina by contraction of the _______ which allows the lens to become more _______ shaped. Relaxation of the same muscle allows distant objects to be brought into focus on the retina by changing the shape of the lens. The ability to thus change the refractive power of the lens and focus images of objects that are at different distances from the lens is called _______. This ability decreases with age for near vision and results in a condition called presbyopia which is not due to changes in the shape of the eyeball. It can be examined by measuring the _______ (test that examines the closest an object can be brought to the eyes while still maintaining visual acuity)

myopia; concave; divergence; convex

b. When the parallel light rays reflected from objects in the visual field are refracted and brought to a perfect focus (converge/intersect) on the retina, the object will clearly be perceived. If, however, the parallel light rays are refracted to converge/focus on a point in front of or behind the retina, the image will be perceived as fuzzy or blurred. When an object is brought to a focus in front of the retina, the individual is said to have _______ and it can be corrected by a _______ lens. This lens causes the _______ of parallel reflected light rays allowing the focus to be moved from the front of the retina to on the retina. In hyperopia on the other hand an increase in refractive power is needed and this correction is provided by _______ lens

visual acuity

The Snellen chart tests for _______

Astigmatism

The _______ chart, which has a number of dark lines radiating from a central point (like spokes on a wheel) detects abnormal curvature of the cornea or lens. This condition is corrected by a cylindrical lens with varying curvature along its surface. Hence, such a lens is useful only in one prescribed axis and rotating it at an angle from this axis renders it nonfunctional.

sphincter pupillae; parasympathetic nerves

Shining a narrow beam of pen light into a subject’s one eye allows one to test for pupillary reflex in both eyes seen at the same time which adjusts the amount of light reaching the retina. The pupillary reflex is brought about by the muscles in the iris that are controlled by the autonomic nervous system - the ________ muscle stimulated by the ____________ causes constriction of the pupil.

radial; sympathetic nerves

Dilation of the pupil on the other hand is caused by the _________ muscles stimulated by ____________.

cones; trichromats

As per Young-Helmholtz theory of color vision, there are three systems of ________ that respond to red, green, and blue (or violet) light and all other colors are seen by the brain’s interpretation of mixtures of impulses from these three systems. These cells are also responsible for visual acuity. People with normal vision (not color blind) with these three types of cells are therefore referred to as __________.

optic nerve

Bundles of axons of ganglion cells exiting the retina form the ________ that transmits sensory information to the brain.

cornea; aqueous humor; vitreous humor

Light entering the eye is first refracted by the curvature of the _______ (with a refractive index of 1.38). It is then refracted by the liquid called ________ in the anterior cavity followed by the curvature of the lens. Following this it is then refracted by the liquid, ___________ , of the posterior cavity before finally converging/focusing on the retina

oval; stapes; perilymph; round

Vibrations of the ______ window caused by the _____ (bone) sets off vibrations of the fluid ________ in the scala vestibuli which then travel to the scala tympani. Vibrations leave the inner ear via the _______ window.

afferent

Inner hair cells are innervated _______ neurons of cranial nerve VIII and they relay sound. Sound perception then is a function of the inner hair cells and not the outer hair cells.

efferent

Outer hair cells are innervated by ________ neurons that make them shorten when depolarized and elongate when hyperpolarized. This allows modulation of the extent of basilar membrane vibration and which in turn affects the depolarization of the inner hair cells affecting sound perception

organ of Corti

The structure made up of the basilar membrane, inner hair cells with sensory fibers, and the tectorial membrane is called __________.

pitches; frequency

Hair cells located closest to where the vibrations are displaced into the scala media are stimulated more often than other regions; this allows us to distinguish different _______ (frequency of sound). This correlates with the location of the sensory neurons that are activated to generate action potentials. Loudness (intensity - amplitude of that sound frequency) of sounds on the other hand is coded but by the ________ of the action potentials (remember neuronal action potentials are all or none, hence no amplitude changes of an action potential)

conductive; sensorineural; cochlea or auditory nerve

In the Weber test the handle of a vibrating tuning fork is placed on the midsagittal line of the head. The sound will be louder in the affected ear in a person with _____ deafness. In _________ deafness on the other hand the sound is louder in the normal ear because the damage is in the __________

bones of the skull; endolymph and basilar membrane

The Rinne and Weber tests are based on the ability of sound waves to be conducted through the ________ and directly cause vibrations of the __________ in the inner ear

basilar membrane

Low and high frequency sounds are detected by vibration of different regions of the __________ in the cochlea but the sound intensity (loudness) depends on the degree of its displacement at any given frequency range.

conductive; middle or external ear

In the Rinne test, a vibrating tuning fork is held by the handle with the forks down against the mastoid process of the temporal bone. When the sound has almost died the fork is moved near the external auditory meatus. In a normal hearing individual the sound reappears but a person with ______ deafness does not. The damage in this type of deafness is in the __________

hair; vestibulocochlear

The ____ cells of the vestibular and cochlear labyrinths function as mechano-electric transducers; they convert mechanical energy into electrical energy that is then transmitted via the ________ nerve to the brain

muscle spindles; intrafusal; extrafusal

Reflex arcs are initiated by stretch receptors called _________ located within the connective tissue of the muscle and they consist of ______ fibers. Tapping the tendon causes a momentary stretch of the muscle which causes these fibers to stimulate the sensory neuron. The sensory neuron arising from these fibers then synapses with the motor neuron in the spinal cord that in turn innervates the ______ fibers

Golgi tendon organs

________ are encapsulated tension receptors found at musculotendinous junctions.

referred pain

Damage to an internal organ may elicit a perception of pain in a somatic location, such as a limb or a region of the body wall. This type of pain, called ______, is important in clinical diagnosis.

cutaneous; pyramidal motor tracts; Babinski

Normal plantar reflex is produced by stimulation of ________ receptors in the sole of the foot which cause

s flexion of the great toe while the other toes flex and come together. The neurological test for this reflex examines the functioning of __________. Damage to these tracts produces a _______ reflex in which the great toe extends.

femoral

Knee-jerk reflex tests the functioning of the _______ nerve

radial

Triceps-jerk reflex tests the functioning of the _______ nerve

gamma motor neurons; intrafusal fibers

__________ are thinner and slower motor fibers that innervate the _______.

Z-discs; H; I; A

The ______ border the functional unit of a muscle called sarcomere. These borders move closer together, shortening the sarcomere, as the ___ and _____ bands become shorter. The ____band does not change in size.

acetylcholine; flaccid paralysis

Botulinum toxin (botox) prevents the release of what neurotransmitter (from the axon terminal of a motor neuron) that initiates the signal for skeletal muscle contraction? ________.

A drug that blocks the receptors for this neurotransmitter at the motor end plate will cause _________.

myofibers

The number of ________ innervated by neurons differ; when the neuron fires, all its muscle fibers contract (not the entire muscle).

motor unit

A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers (cells) it innervates is a _________.

graded contractions

How many motor units are recruited at a time decides the strength of contraction is called a __________

epitopes

A rabbit polyclonal anti-serum against a human protein has three different antibodies because the rabbit’s immune system recognized three ________ (regions) on the human protein

erythropoietin

The rate of RBC production by the bone marrow is regulated by the hormone _________, secreted by the kidneys. This hormone is secreted when blood oxygen levels fall, such as when traveling in high-altitude environments

mononuclear; polymorphonuclear

Based on the staining pattern, leukocytes can be classified according to presence or absence of cytoplasmic granules into granulocytes and agranulocytes. Similarly, based on morphology of the stained nucleus, leukocytes can be classified as _________ (nucleus is not composed of identifiable lobes) and _________ (nucleus is composed of two or more distinct lobes)

laminar

At rest, blood normally travels through the arteries in a _______ flow – blood in the central axial stream moves faster than blood in the peripheral layers with little or no transverse flow (and thus little mixing) between the axial layers. Hence under normal conditions the artery is silent when auscultated.

systolic

At the start of blood pressure measurement, you inflated the cuff pressure to a level above the ________ (what do you call the increased pressure that results from blood leaving the heart) pressure at which point the blood vessel was completely closed and the blood flow through the blood vessel stopped.

turbulent; Korotkoff

You gradually lowered the pressure that you were applying in the cuff JUST ENOUGH until you heard the blood pushing through the partially closed compressed blood vessel producing a ______ flow which creates vibrations in the artery and are heard as the sounds of _________ with a stethoscope. These sounds are divided into five phases: tapping (phase 1), murmurs (phase 2), thumping (phase 3), muffled (phase 4), and silence (phase 5)

systolic; contractile; left ventricle

The cuff pressure that you were applying at which you heard the first sound (phase 1/tapping) is called ______ and it measures the _______ activity of the __________ (chamber) of the heart.

diastolic; left ventricle; diastolic

You then gradually continued to lower the cuff pressure and the sounds became louder. You continued lowering the cuff pressure further JUST ENOUGH until you FIRST stopped hearing the sounds of blood flow. The pressure in the cuff at this point is a measure of _______ state of the ___________ (chamber) of the heart and is called _______ pressure

hypertension

If his blood pressure had been 145/96, John’s would have received a diagnosis of __________.

tension; stretch

Golgi tendon organs: respond to _______ a muscle puts on a tendon. Muscle spindle: responds to muscle ______.

inhibitory

Golgi tendon organs are receptors that give feedback to the CNS in disynaptic stretch reflexes to prevent overstretching of muscles. They do so by the activation of sensory neurons in them that synapse with interneurons in spinal cord which in turn have _______ synapses with motor neurons

lower; intrafusal; extrafusal

Somatic motor neurons that innervate muscles are called _____ motor neurons. Among them, gamma motor neurons innervate _____ muscle fibers and the alpha motor neurons innervate the ______ muscle fibers

reflex; monosynaptic reflex

Skeletal muscles are usually referred to as voluntary and are controlled by descending motor pathways under conscious control. They can also contract unconsciously in response to certain stimuli in a process called a _____. The simplest of these is the _________, so called as it only involves a sensory neuron synapsing on an alpha motor neuron in the ventral gray matter of the spinal cord (no upper motor neurons/interneurons)